{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T10:06:47Z","timestamp":1779185207733,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":50,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of the Science and Technology Department of Ningxia","award":["Grant No. 2023BEG02026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 2023BEG02026"]}]},{"name":"Health Research Program of Ningxia","award":["Grant No.2022-NWKY-046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No.2022-NWKY-046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04441-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T07:25:05Z","timestamp":1774855505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of stressful life events on adolescents with depression: the chain mediating role of basic psychological needs and self-esteem"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Furong","family":"Gou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinrong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuelan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liqi","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4441_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0585-0","volume":"46","author":"J\u00d6 Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer J\u00d6, Naumann E, Holmes EA, Tuschen-Caffier B, Samson AC. Emotion Regulation Strategies in Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Youth: A Meta-Analytic Review. J Youth Adolesc. 2017;46(2):261\u201376.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"9","key":"4441_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e331984","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331984","volume":"20","author":"J Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim J, Ewing CR, Larson A, et al. Incidence of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents following COVID-19 infection. PLoS ONE. 2025;20(9):e331984.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4441_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulauf Logoz M. [The Revision and 5th Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5): Consequences for the Diagnostic Work with Children and Adolescents]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr. 2014;63(7):562\u2013776.","DOI":"10.13109\/prkk.2014.63.7.562"},{"key":"4441_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Adolescent mental health [EB\/OL]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025 Sep 1 [cited 2025 Nov 21]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/zh\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"4441_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-024-00841-w","volume":"18","author":"J Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou J, Liu Y, Ma J, et al. Prevalence of depressive symptoms among children and adolescents in china: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2024;18(1):150.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4441_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01568-3","volume":"10","author":"A Beck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beck A, LeBlanc JC, Morissette K, et al. Screening for depression in children and adolescents: a protocol for a systematic review update. Syst Rev. 2021;10(1):24.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"4441_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehmood A, Xu S, Siddiqi SM, et al. Exploration of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury as an Addiction-Like Behaviour in Depressed Adolescents in the light of the I-PACE Model. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2025;32(5):e70147.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.70147"},{"issue":"1","key":"4441_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/19585969.2025.2550953","volume":"27","author":"A Mehmood","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mehmood A, Xu S, Mehmood Siddiqi S, et al. From brain to behavior: Psychological resilience mediates associations between whole-brain resting-state connectivity and NSSI. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2025;27(1):265\u201375.","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"4441_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660234","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.660234","volume":"12","author":"W Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang W, Mehmood A, Li P, et al. Perceived Stress and Smartphone Addiction in Medical College Students: The Mediating Role of Negative Emotions and the Moderating Role of Psychological Capital. Front Psychol. 2021;12:660234.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"4441_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.12.068","volume":"373","author":"V Baltramonaityte","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baltramonaityte V, Lussier AA, Smith ADAC, et al. Stress reactivity moderates the association between stressful life events and depressive symptoms in adolescents: Results from a population-based study. J Affect Disord. 2025;373:28\u201334.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4441_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth A, Meigen C, Hiemisch A, Kiess W, Poulain T. Associations between Stressful Life Events and Increased Physical and Psychological Health Risks in Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2):1050.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021050"},{"key":"4441_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui L, Shi G, Oei TPS. A study of cognitive vulnerability-stress model of depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents. Stress Health. 2013;29(5):383\u201391.","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2484"},{"key":"4441_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo S, Feng X, Li L, et al. Association of stressful life events with depressive symptoms among adolescents: A network analysis. J Affect Disord. 2025;391:120002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120002"},{"key":"4441_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li N, Niu S, Rong L, et al. The effect of stressful life events on depressive symptoms in Chinese university students: Moderated mediating effect of interpersonal relationship and gender. J Affect Disord. 2025;375:148\u201354.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.01.085"},{"key":"4441_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji L, Chen C, Hou B, et al. A study of negative life events driven depressive symptoms and academic engagement in Chinese college students. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):17160.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96768-9"},{"key":"4441_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Walters EE, et al. Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(6):833\u201342.","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.6.833"},{"key":"4441_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehmood A, Bu T, Zhao E, et al. Exploration of Psychological Mechanism of Smartphone Addiction Among International Students of China by Selecting the Framework of the I-PACE Model. Front Psychol. 2021;12:758610.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.758610"},{"key":"4441_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mumper EE, Dyson MW, Finsaas MC, Olino TM, Klein DN. Life stress moderates the effects of preschool behavioral inhibition on anxiety in early adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020;61(2):167\u201374.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13121"},{"key":"4441_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ormel J, Oldehinkel AJ, Brilman EI. The interplay and etiological continuity of neuroticism, difficulties, and life events in the etiology of major and subsyndromal, first and recurrent depressive episodes in later life. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(6):885\u201391.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.6.885"},{"key":"4441_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berden GF, Althaus M, Verhulst FC. Major life events and changes in the behavioural functioning of children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1990;31(6):949\u201359.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00836.x"},{"key":"4441_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodyer I, Kolvin I, Gatzanis S. Recent undesirable life events and psychiatric disorder in childhood and adolescence. Br J Psychiatry. 1985;147:517\u201323.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.147.5.517"},{"issue":"5","key":"4441_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199505000-00011","volume":"34","author":"DE Williamson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Williamson DE, Birmaher B, Anderson BP, Al-Shabbout M, Ryan ND. Stressful life events in depressed adolescents: the role of dependent events during the depressive episode. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34(5):591\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"4441_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DuBois DL, Felner RD, Meares H, Krier M. Prospective investigation of the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage, life stress, and social support on early adolescent adjustment. J Abnorm Psychol. 1994;103(3):511\u201322.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.103.3.511"},{"key":"4441_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haaga DA, Dyck MJ, Ernst D. Empirical status of cognitive theory of depression. Psychol Bull. 1991;110(2):215\u201336.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.2.215"},{"key":"4441_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan RM, Deci EL. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am Psychol. 2000;55(1):68\u201378.","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0003-066X.55.1.68"},{"key":"4441_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deci ELRR. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, USA: Plenum Publishing Co; 1985.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2271-7"},{"key":"4441_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao L, Chang S, Tang H. An Analysis of the Structural Relationships Among Parental Attachment, Basic Psychological Needs, Career Identity and Depression of Chinese College Students in Korea. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2022;15:1721\u201330.","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S357837"},{"key":"4441_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heissel A, Pietrek A, Kangas M, Van der Kaap-Deeder J, Rapp MA. The Mediating Role of Rumination in the Relation between Basic Psychological Need Frustration and Depressive Symptoms. J Clin Med. 2023;12(2):395.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020395"},{"key":"4441_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waselewski EA, Waselewski ME, Chang T. Needs and Coping Behaviors of Youth in the U.S. During COVID-19. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67(5):649\u201352.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.07.043"},{"key":"4441_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietrek A, Kangas M, Kliegl R, et al. Basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration in major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:962501.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.962501"},{"key":"4441_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan X, Lv M, Fan L, Liang Y, Liu J. What alleviates depression among medical workers in emergency risk events? The function of subjective social status. Heliyon. 2023;9(3):e13762.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13762"},{"key":"4441_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda H, \u00c1lvarez-Kurogi L, Prieto Andreu J, Tierno Cord\u00f3n J, Castro L\u00f3pez R, Salas S\u00e1nchez J. Relationships among COVID-19 causal factors perceived by children, basic psychological needs and social anxiety. PeerJ. 2025;13:e18828.","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18828"},{"key":"4441_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bara\u0144ski M, Poprawa R. Interpersonal differences in stress, coping, and satisfaction with life in the context of individual profiles of satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs. Health Psychol Rep. 2024;12(1):26\u201338.","DOI":"10.5114\/hpr\/165875"},{"key":"4441_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bara\u0144ski M, Poprawa R. Interpersonal differences in stress, coping, and satisfaction with life in the context of individual profiles of satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs. Health Psychol Rep. 2024;12(1):26\u201338.","DOI":"10.5114\/hpr\/165875"},{"key":"4441_CR35","unstructured":"Rosenberg M. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press; 1965."},{"key":"4441_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zauszniewski JA, Rong JR. Depressive cognitions and psychosocial functioning: a test of Beck's cognitive theory. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1999;13(6):286\u201393.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9417(99)80060-0"},{"key":"4441_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi Y, Choi S, Yun J, et al. The relationship between levels of self-esteem and the development of depression in young adults with mild depressive symptoms. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(42):e17518.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017518"},{"key":"4441_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin X, Li C, Jiang S. The mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship of living environment, anxiety, and depression of underprivileged children: A path analysis in Chinese context. J Health Psychol. 2020;25(7):941\u201352.","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105317739966"},{"key":"4441_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikrouy F, Mohammadi K, Samavi SA. Structural Relationship Model of Basic Psychological Needs With Intimate Partner Violence: The Mediating Role of Gender Discrimination and Self-Esteem. J Interpers Violence. 2025;40(5-6):1387\u20131411.","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241259415"},{"key":"4441_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burkitt WT. Perfectionism and Self-Esteem: The Mediating Role of Basic Psychological Needs. Psychol Rep. 2024:328515222.","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941241303402"},{"key":"4441_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao X, Zheng X. The Effect of Parental Phubbing on Depression in Chinese Junior High School Students: The Mediating Roles of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Self-Esteem. Front Psychol. 2022;13:868354.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.868354"},{"key":"4441_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orsini CA, Binnie VI, Tricio JA. Motivational profiles and their relationships with basic psychological needs, academic performance, study strategies, self-esteem, and vitality in dental students in Chile. J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2018;15:11.","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2018.15.11"},{"key":"4441_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taormina RJ, Gao JH. Maslow and the motivation hierarchy: measuring satisfaction of the needs. Am J Psychol. 2013;126(2):155\u2013177.","DOI":"10.5406\/amerjpsyc.126.2.0155"},{"key":"4441_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth A, Meigen C, Hiemisch A, Kiess W, Poulain T. Associations between Stressful Life Events and Increased Physical and Psychological Health Risks in Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2):1050.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021050"},{"key":"4441_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritz MS, Mackinnon DP. Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychol Sci. 2007;18(3):233\u20139.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x"},{"key":"4441_CR46","unstructured":"Liu XLLY. Reliability and validity test of Adolescent Life Events Scale. Chin. J. Clin. Psychol. 1997;5:34\u20136."},{"key":"4441_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu X, Kurita H, Uchiyama M, Okawa M, Liu L, Ma D. Life events, locus of control, and behavioral problems among Chinese adolescents. J Clin Psychol. 2000;56(12):1565\u201377.","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(200012)56:12<1565::AID-7>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"4441_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZUNG WW. A SELF-RATING DEPRESSION SCALE. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1965;12:63\u201370.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008"},{"key":"4441_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan M, Chen M, Li J, et al. Depressive symptoms and associated factors among left-behind children in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1059.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5963-y"},{"key":"4441_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deci ELRR. \u201cwhat\u201dand\u201cwhy\u201dof goal pursuits: human needs and the Self\u2010Determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry. 2000;4(11):227\u201368.","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01"},{"key":"4441_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang P, Yang P, Yeh Y, et al. Self-esteem in adolescent aggression perpetrators, victims and perpetrator-victims, and the moderating effects of depression and family support. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2013;29(4):221\u20138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2012.08.035"},{"key":"4441_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dou X, Lu J, Yu Y, Yi Y, Zhou L. The impact of depression and anxiety on mobile phone addiction and the mediating effect of self-esteem. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):23004.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71947-6"},{"key":"4441_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee J, Podsakoff NP. Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88(5):879-903.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879"},{"key":"4441_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson LR, Monden CWS, Bukodi E. Stressful Life Events, Differential Vulnerability, and Depressive Symptoms: Critique and New Evidence. J Health Soc Behav. 2022;63(2):283\u2013300.","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465211055993"},{"key":"4441_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi J, Han X, Liao Y, et al. Associations of stressful life events with subthreshold depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder: The moderating role of gender. J Affect Disord. 2023;325:588\u201395.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.01.050"},{"key":"4441_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan L, Yang X, Liu Z, et al. Longitudinal Associations of Stressful Life Events with Non-suicidal Self-Injury among Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Effect of Depressive Symptoms. Depress Anxiety. 2023;2023:1377714.","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1377714"},{"key":"4441_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedrini L, Meloni S, Lanfredi M, Rossi R. School-based interventions to improve emotional regulation skills in adolescent students: A systematic review. J Adolesc. 2022;94(8):1051\u201367.","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12090"},{"key":"4441_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang EC, Chang OD, Yu EA, et al. How Future Orientation is Associated with Depressive Symptoms in Multiethnoracial Adults: Basic Psychological Needs as a Mediator. J Psychol. 2019;153(1):89\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2018.1524356"},{"key":"4441_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flannery M. Self-Determination Theory: Intrinsic Motivation and Behavioral Change. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2017;44(2):155\u20136.","DOI":"10.1188\/17.ONF.155-156"},{"key":"4441_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods HC, Scott H. #Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. J Adolesc. 2016;51:41\u201349.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.05.008"},{"key":"4441_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee K. Social support and self-esteem on the association between stressful life events and mental health outcomes among college students. Soc Work Health Care. 2020;59(6):387\u2013407.","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2020.1772443"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04441-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04441-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04441-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T09:16:22Z","timestamp":1779182182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04441-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04441-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Ningxia Mental Health Center, Yinchuan, China (protocol no. 2023-WS-022). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants aged 16 years and above prior to their participation in the study. For participants under the age of 16, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians before inclusion in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"745"}}