{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T02:00:33Z","timestamp":1780970433040,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":45,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04458-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T11:56:53Z","timestamp":1777118213000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and validation of the Arabic version of the psychosocial skills scale (APSS-33) among Moroccan adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5058-8840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hicham","family":"El Malki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radouane","family":"Rhayha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanane","family":"El Abed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"Khaldoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Abbouyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saadia","family":"El Filali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karima","family":"El Rhazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Btissame","family":"Zarrouq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"4458_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barraclough J, Grecic D, Harper D. The assessment and development of psychosocial skills and characteristics on the male youth football (soccer) academy development pathway: a narrative review. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2025;1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1612197X.2025.2541962.","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2025.2541962"},{"issue":"2","key":"4458_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.17509\/jsl.v5i2.41071","volume":"5","author":"D Erduran Avc\u0131","year":"2022","unstructured":"Erduran Avc\u0131 D, Korur F. Evaluation of the Life Skills of Students in Adolescence: Scale Development and Analysis. J Sci Learn. 2022;5(2):226\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17509\/jsl.v5i2.41071.","journal-title":"J Sci Learn"},{"issue":"2","key":"4458_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2009.00595.x","volume":"19","author":"AB Balsano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Balsano AB, Phelps E, Theokas C, Lerner JV, Lerner RM. Patterns of Early Adolescents\u2019 Participation in Youth Development Programs Having Positive Youth Development Goals. J Res Adolesc. 2009;19(2):249\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2009.00595.x.","journal-title":"J Res Adolesc"},{"key":"4458_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660878","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2021.660878","volume":"6","author":"E Kirchhoff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kirchhoff E, Keller R. Age-Specific Life Skills Education in School: A Systematic Review. Front Educ. 2021;6:660878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2021.660878.","journal-title":"Front Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"4458_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.74310","volume":"52","author":"B Srikala","year":"2010","unstructured":"Srikala B, Kishore KKV. Empowering adolescents with life skills education in schools - School mental health program: Does it work? Indian J Psychiatry. 2010;52(4):344\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5545.74310. PubMed PMID: 21267369; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3025161.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"4458_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3390\/children11080989","volume":"11","author":"F Mastorci","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mastorci F, Lazzeri MFL, Vassalle C, Pingitore A. The Transition from Childhood to Adolescence: Between Health and Vulnerability. Children. 2024;11(8):989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11080989.","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"4458_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Promise of Adolescence: Realizing Opportunity for All Youth, Washington DC. National Academies Press; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.nap.edu\/catalog\/25388. https:\/\/doi.org\/doi:10.17226\/25388. [cited 2024 Oct 16].","DOI":"10.17226\/25388"},{"key":"4458_CR8","unstructured":"UNICEF. RECOVERING LEARNING. Are children and youth on track in skills development? New York 10017, USA: Unicef; 2017. p.38. (The Education Commission). Report No. Available from: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/media\/123626\/file\/UNICEF_Recovering_Learning_Report_EN.pdf.pdf. [Rapport]. [cited 2024 Oct 16]."},{"issue":"1","key":"4458_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01431.x","volume":"121","author":"N Kadri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kadri N, Agoub M, Assouab F, Tazi MA, Didouh A, Stewart R, et al. Moroccan national study on prevalence of mental disorders: a community-based epidemiological study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;121(1):71\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01431.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"4458_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/13629395.2012.655044","volume":"17","author":"T Desrues","year":"2012","unstructured":"Desrues T. Moroccan Youth and the Forming of a New Generation: Social Change, Collective Action and Political Activism. Mediterranean Politics. 2012;17(1):23\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13629395.2012.655044.","journal-title":"Mediterranean Politics"},{"key":"4458_CR11","unstructured":"Fakoussa D, Lale Kabis-Kechrid L. Morocco\u2019s Socio- Economic Challenges. 2020. p.52. Report No.: 3. Available from: https:\/\/dgap.org\/sites\/default\/files\/article_pdfs\/dgap-report-2020-03-en.pdf. [DGAP rapport]. [cited 2024 Oct 16]."},{"key":"4458_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2023.44","volume":"44","author":"M Moustakbal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moustakbal M, Maataoui SB. Depression symptoms among adolescents in Morocco: a school-based cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J. 2023;44:147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2023.44.147.36713. PubMed PMID: 37396692; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10311232.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"4458_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.47577\/teh.v8i.9719","volume":"8","author":"H Antonopoulou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Antonopoulou H. The Value of Emotional Intelligence: Self-Awareness, Self-Regulation, Motivation, and Empathy as Key Components. Technium Educ Humanit. 2024;8:78\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47577\/teh.v8i.9719.","journal-title":"Technium Educ Humanit"},{"key":"4458_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Alba L, Postigo \u00c1, Gullo F, Mu\u00f1iz J, Del Valle JF. PLANEA Independent Life Skills Scale: Development and Validation. Psicothema. 2021;33.2268\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7334\/psicothema2020.450.","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2020.450"},{"issue":"2","key":"4458_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci3020121","volume":"3","author":"M Kobayashi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kobayashi M, Gushiken T, Ganaha Y, Sasazawa Y, Iwata S, Takemura A, et al. Reliability and Validity of the Multidimensional Scale of Life Skills in Late Childhood. Educ Sci. 2013;3(2):121\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci3020121.","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4458_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.9790\/0837-19195058","volume":"19","author":"R Subasree","year":"2014","unstructured":"Subasree R, Radhakrishnan Nair A. The Life Skills Assessment Scale: the construction and validation of a new comprehensive scale for measuring Life Skills. IOSRJHSS. 2014;19(1):50\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9790\/0837-19195058.","journal-title":"IOSRJHSS"},{"issue":"1","key":"4458_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2022.2162692","volume":"10","author":"D Maddah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maddah D, Hallit S, Kabbara W, Akel M, Bowen K, Hasan Z, et al. Validation of the first Arabic version of the life skills scale among university students. Cogent Educ. 2023;10(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2331186X.2022.2162692.","journal-title":"Cogent Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4458_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s43031-024-00116-6","volume":"6","author":"Y Ying","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ying Y, Tiemann R. Development of an assessment tool for collaborative problem-solving skills in chemistry. Discip Interdscip Sci Educ Res. 2024;6(1):25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43031-024-00116-6.","journal-title":"Discip Interdscip Sci Educ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4458_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2017.1280502","volume":"100","author":"SK Davis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davis SK, Wigelsworth M. Structural and Predictive Properties of the Emotional Quotient Inventory Youth Version\u2013Short Form (EQ-i:YV[S]). J Pers Assess. 2018;100(2):197\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2017.1280502.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"24","key":"4458_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16244982","volume":"16","author":"JA Piqueras","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piqueras JA, Rodriguez-Jimenez T, Marzo JC, Rivera-Riquelme M, Martinez-Gonzalez AE, Falco R, et al. Social Emotional Health Survey-Secondary (SEHS-S): A Universal Screening Measure of Social-Emotional Strengths for Spanish-Speaking Adolescents. IJERPH. 2019;16(24):4982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16244982.","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"issue":"1","key":"4458_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1932202X9700900102","volume":"9","author":"JA Plucker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Plucker JA. Psychometric Characteristics of the Adolescent Coping Scale with Academically Gifted Adolescents. J Secondary Gifted Educ. 1997;9(1):5\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1932202X9700900102.","journal-title":"J Secondary Gifted Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4458_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.9790\/0837-19195058","volume":"19","author":"R Subasree","year":"2014","unstructured":"Subasree R, Nair AR. The Life Skills Assessment Scale: the construction and validation of a new comprehensive scale for measuring Life Skills. IOSRJHSS. 2014;19(1):50\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9790\/0837-19195058.","journal-title":"IOSRJHSS"},{"key":"4458_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gresham FM, Elliot SN. Social Skills Rating System. 1990. Available from: https:\/\/doi.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/t10269-000. [cited 2025 Jun 8]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t10269-000.","DOI":"10.1037\/t10269-000"},{"issue":"6","key":"4458_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2019.1672641","volume":"46","author":"L Cronin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cronin L, Allen J, Ellison P, Marchant D, Levy A, Harwood C. Development and initial validation of the life skills ability scale for higher education students. Stud High Educ. 2021;46(6):1011\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03075079.2019.1672641.","journal-title":"Stud High Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"4458_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-010-9425-0","volume":"20","author":"KW Merrell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merrell KW, Felver-Gant JC, Tom KM. Development and Validation of a Parent Report Measure for Assessing Social-Emotional Competencies of Children and Adolescents. J Child Fam Stud. 2011;20(4):529\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-010-9425-0.","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"4458_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heppner P. Problem Solving Inventory (PSI). In: A Compendium of Tests, Scales and Questionnaires. 1st edn. Psychology Press; 2020. p.210\u20132. Available from: https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781000102147\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781003076391-53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003076391-53. [cited 2025 Jun 8].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003076391-53"},{"key":"4458_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2022.102007","volume":"114","author":"J Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi J, Cheung ACK, Zhang Q, Tam WWY. Development and validation of a social emotional skills scale: Evidence of its reliability and validity in China. Int J Educational Res. 2022;114:102007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijer.2022.102007.","journal-title":"Int J Educational Res"},{"key":"4458_CR28","first-page":"45","volume":"28","author":"M Karwowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karwowski M, Lebuda I, Wisniewska E. Measuring Creative Self-efficacy and Creative Personal Identity. J Creativity Problem Solving. 2018;28:45\u201357.","journal-title":"J Creativity Problem Solving"},{"key":"4458_CR29","unstructured":"Skoog-Hoffman A, Dusenbury L. CASEL Criteria Updates and Rationale. CASEL. 2020. Safe and Sound. Available from: https:\/\/casel.org\/11_casel-program-criteria-rationale\/?view=1. [cited 2025 May 12]."},{"key":"4458_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OCDE. Perspectives de l\u2019OCDE sur les comp\u00e9tences 2021: Se former pour la vie. OCDE. Paris: OECD. 2021. (Perspectives de l\u2019OCDE sur les comp\u00e9tences; Comp\u00e9tences de vie). Available from: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/fr\/publications\/perspectives-de-l-ocde-sur-les-competences-2021_fc97e6d3-fr.html. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/fc97e6d3-fr. [cited 2025 Jun 6].","DOI":"10.1787\/fc97e6d3-fr"},{"issue":"3","key":"4458_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2013-0039","volume":"36","author":"JP Pope","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pope JP, Hall CR. Initial Development of the Coach Identity Prominence Scale: A Role Identity Model Perspective. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2014;36(3):258\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsep.2013-0039.","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4458_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2):155\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012.","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4458_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.2.265","volume":"103","author":"E Guadagnoli","year":"1988","unstructured":"Guadagnoli E, Velicer WF. Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychol Bull. 1988;103(2):265\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.103.2.265.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"08","key":"4458_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2018.98126","volume":"09","author":"TA Kyriazos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kyriazos TA. Applied Psychometrics: Sample Size and Sample Power Considerations in Factor Analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in General. PSYCH. 2018;09(08):2207\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/psych.2018.98126.","journal-title":"PSYCH"},{"issue":"1","key":"4458_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmal.2022.100005","volume":"1","author":"A Alamer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alamer A. Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and bifactor ESEM for construct validation purposes: Guidelines and applied example. Res Methods Appl Linguistics. 2022;1(1):100005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmal.2022.100005.","journal-title":"Res Methods Appl Linguistics"},{"key":"4458_CR36","unstructured":"Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 4th ed. Methodol Social Sci. 2016:xvii534."},{"key":"4458_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00149","volume":"6","author":"GO Boateng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boateng GO, Neilands TB, Frongillo EA, Melgar-Qui\u00f1onez HR, Young SL. Best Practices for Developing and Validating Scales for Health, Social, and Behavioral Research: A Primer. Front Public Health. 2018;6:149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00149.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"4458_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson JE. Oblimin Rotation. In: Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. 1st edn. Wiley; 2005. Available from: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/0470011815.b2a13060. [cited 2025 Jun 8].","DOI":"10.1002\/0470011815.b2a13060"},{"key":"4458_CR39","first-page":"813","volume-title":"Multivariate data analysis. Eighth edition","author":"JF Hair","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis. Eighth edition. Andover, Hampshire: Cengage; 2019. p. 813."},{"issue":"2","key":"4458_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289447","volume":"30","author":"JL Horn","year":"1965","unstructured":"Horn JL. A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis. Psychometrika. 1965;30(2):179\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02289447.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"4458_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000116","volume":"20","author":"HF Kaiser","year":"1960","unstructured":"Kaiser HF. The Application of Electronic Computers to Factor Analysis. Educ Psychol Meas. 1960;20(1):141\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001316446002000116.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"1","key":"4458_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289289","volume":"12","author":"LJ Cronbach","year":"1947","unstructured":"Cronbach LJ. Test Reliability: Its Meaning and Determination. Psychometrika. 1947;12(1):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02289289.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"4458_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-003-0974-7","volume":"70","author":"RE Zinbarg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zinbarg RE, Revelle W, Yovel I, Li W. Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1, Revelle\u2019s \u03b2, and Mcdonald\u2019s \u03c9H: their Relations with Each Other and Two Alternative Conceptualizations of Reliability. Psychometrika. 2005;70(1):123\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11336-003-0974-7.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"3","key":"4458_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411","volume":"103","author":"JC Anderson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Anderson JC, Gerbing DW. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychol Bull. 1988;103(3):411\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"4458_CR45","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO, Mplus. Statistical Analysis With Latent Variables User\u2019s Guide. Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n; 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.statmodel.com\/download\/usersguide\/MplusUserGuideVer_7.pdf. [cited 2025 Apr 1]."},{"issue":"3","key":"4458_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2016.1269606","volume":"24","author":"A Maydeu-Olivares","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maydeu-Olivares A. Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Structural Equation Models for Continuous Data: Standard Errors and Goodness of Fit. Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J. 2017;24(3):383\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2016.1269606.","journal-title":"Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J"},{"key":"4458_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795672","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.795672","volume":"12","author":"LE Van Zyl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Van Zyl LE, Ten Klooster PM. Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling: Practical Guidelines and Tutorial With a Convenient Online Tool for Mplus. Front Psychiatry. 2022;12:795672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.795672.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"4458_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027127","volume":"17","author":"SI Vrieze","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vrieze SI. Model selection and psychological theory: A discussion of the differences between the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Psychol Methods. 2012;17(2):228\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0027127.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"4458_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315827506","volume-title":"A First Course in Factor Analysis","author":"AL Comrey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Comrey AL, Lee HB. A First Course in Factor Analysis. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis; 2013. p. 443.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"4458_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2307\/3151312","volume":"18","author":"C Fornell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. J Mark Res. 1981;18(1):39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3151312.","journal-title":"J Mark Res"},{"key":"4458_CR51","unstructured":"DeVellis RF. Scale development: theory and applications. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publ; 2012. p.205. (Applied social research methods series; no. 26)."},{"key":"4458_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2016.11.001","volume":"28","author":"L Cronin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cronin L, Allen J. Development and initial validation of the Life Skills Scale for Sport. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2017;28:105\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychsport.2016.11.001.","journal-title":"Psychol Sport Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"4458_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191119874108","volume":"27","author":"E Pommier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pommier E, Neff KD, T\u00f3th-Kir\u00e1ly I. The Development and Validation of the Compassion Scale. Assessment. 2020;27(1):21\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191119874108.","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"4458_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2014.931558","volume":"85","author":"MR Weiss","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weiss MR, Bolter ND, Kipp LE. Assessing Impact of Physical Activity-Based Youth Development Programs: Validation of the Life Skills Transfer Survey (LSTS). Res Q Exerc Sport. 2014;85(3):263\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.2014.931558.","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"4458_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Owiti S, Hauw D. The initial development and validation of the Social Adaptability Skills Questionnaire: SASQ. Mahmoud AB, editor. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(8):e0281971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281971.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281971"},{"issue":"3","key":"4458_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510903008220","volume":"16","author":"HW Marsh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marsh HW, Muth\u00e9n B, Asparouhov T, L\u00fcdtke O, Robitzsch A, Morin AJS, et al. Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling, Integrating CFA and EFA: Application to Students\u2019 Evaluations of University Teaching. Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J. 2009;16(3):439\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705510903008220.","journal-title":"Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4458_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378802500207","volume":"25","author":"DW Gerbing","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gerbing DW, Anderson JC. An Updated Paradigm for Scale Development Incorporating Unidimensionality and Its Assessment. J Mark Res. 1988;25(2):186\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002224378802500207.","journal-title":"J Mark Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04458-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04458-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04458-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T01:23:32Z","timestamp":1780968212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04458-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04458-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Ethics Committee of the Hassan II University Hospital in Fez granted approved the study (reference number: 02\/24 \u2013 January 2024). Informed consent was obtained in writing from each participant following a comprehensive briefing on the study\u2019s objectives. The study adhered strictly to relevant ethical standards and regulatory guidelines to ensure the integrity and ethical conduct of research operations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"844"}}