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The study found that although physical exercise cannot directly predict subjective well-being, it indirectly enhances well-being through the chained mediation path of \u201csocial support \u2014&gt; resilience\u201d. This mediating effect becomes significant only when an individual\u2019s social support translates into psychological resilience.Specifically, physical exercise can significantly enhance social support and resilience, and high levels of social support significantly positively predict resilience, which in turn directly and significantly promotes subjective well-being; Bootstrap tests confirmed the significant chained path effect of \u201cphysical exercise \u2014&gt; social support \u2014&gt; resilience \u2014&gt; subjective well-being\u201d. The study also revealed that gender plays a significant moderating role in the path of \u201csocial support \u2014&gt; subjective well-being\u201d: social support positively predicts subjective well-being in males but negatively predicts it in females; further moderated chained mediation tests indicated that the above chained mediation effect is only significant in the female group (effect size\u2009=\u20090.129, 95% CI [0.011, 0.242]), but not in the male group. The conclusion suggests that physical exercise indirectly enhances college students\u2019 subjective well-being by enhancing social support and resilience, and this mechanism exhibits significant gender differences. It is recommended that in practice, social support networks in physical activities should be strengthened for males, while for females, attention should be paid to stress management in a high-support environment and the cultivation of their positive coping abilities. At the same time, resilience cultivation should be integrated into the physical exercise process to achieve targeted mental health promotion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04472-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T08:16:14Z","timestamp":1775031374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of college students\u2019 physical exercise on subjective well-being: a chain-mediation model involving psychological resilience and social support with gender as the moderator"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yundong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"4472_CR1","unstructured":"Xi Jinping. 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Therefore, this study is not required to be submitted to an institutional ethics committee for review, and this approach complies with current relevant regulations in China.For specific legal references, please consult the relevant provisions of the \u201cMeasures for Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Subjects\u201d officially published by the National Health Commission (link:\n                      \n                      ).Furthermore, The Declaration of Helsinki serves only as a supplementary statement for adhering to general ethical norms during the implementation of research and confirm that this research strictly adheres to academic ethical standards throughout its conduct. The acquisition and utilization of research data have been ensured to be legally sourced, and adequate measures have been implemented to protect the privacy and data security of relevant individuals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"We have all read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to its submission to BMC Psychology.All images presented in the current study, as well as any other details involving participants\u2019 personal information, have been anonymized. -Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"691"}}