{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T18:13:23Z","timestamp":1779214403292,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":43,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"CONCYTEC through the PROCIENCIA program","award":["PE501088191-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE501088191-2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04495-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T09:55:36Z","timestamp":1775469336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing the psychometric properties of the Youth Externalizing Problems Screener (YEPS) in peruvian adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4602-5396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denisse","family":"Manrique-Millones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1073-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Calero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9295-8931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Joel","family":"Paredes-Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3271-6372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7429-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Guerrero-Alcedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2222-4764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Villarreal-Zegarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3430-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora","family":"Wiium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4495_CR1","first-page":"719","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology: Vol 3 Social, emotional, and personality development","author":"KA Dodge","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dodge KA, Coie JD, Lynam D. Aggression and antisocial behavior in youth. In: Damon W, Lerner RM, Eisenberg N, editors. Handbook of child psychology: Vol 3 Social, emotional, and personality development. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2006. p. 719\u201388."},{"issue":"4","key":"4495_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.674","volume":"100","author":"TE Moffitt","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moffitt TE. Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychol Rev. 1993;100(4):674\u2013701.","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"4495_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282918809814","volume":"37","author":"TL Renshaw","year":"2019","unstructured":"Renshaw TL, Cook CR. Preliminary psychometrics of responses to the youth externalizing problems screener. J Psychoeduc Assess. 2019;37(8):1016\u201322.","journal-title":"J Psychoeduc Assess"},{"key":"4495_CR4","unstructured":"Kimonis ER, Frick PJ. Externalizing disorders of childhood and adolescence. In: Maddux JE, Winstead BA, editors. Psychopathology: foundations for a contemporary understanding. 4th ed. Routledge\/Taylor & Francis Group; 2016. p. 365\u201389."},{"issue":"10","key":"4495_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.06.016","volume":"55","author":"HE Erskine","year":"2016","unstructured":"Erskine HE, Norman RE, Ferrari AJ, Chan GCK, Copeland WE, Whiteford HA, et al. Long-Term Outcomes of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55(10):841\u201350.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"4495_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00893.x","volume":"99","author":"SM King","year":"2004","unstructured":"King SM, Iacono WG, McGue M. Childhood externalizing and internalizing psychopathology in the prediction of early substance use. Addiction. 2004;99(12):1548\u201359.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"10","key":"4495_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371005501003","volume":"55","author":"J Murray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murray J, Farrington DP. Risk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: key findings from longitudinal studies. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55(10):633\u201342.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"4495_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0309-4","volume":"2","author":"TE Moffitt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moffitt TE. Male antisocial behaviour in adolescence and beyond. Nat Hum Behav. 2018;2(3):177\u201386.","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"4495_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000333","volume":"20","author":"CL Odgers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Odgers CL, Moffitt TE, Broadbent JM, Dickson N, Hancox RJ, Harrington H, et al. Female and male antisocial trajectories: from childhood origins to adult outcomes. Dev Psychopathol. 2008;20(2):673\u2013716.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4495_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131208","volume":"6","author":"N Eisenberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eisenberg N, Spinrad TL, Eggum ND. Emotion-related self-regulation and its relation to children\u2019s maladjustment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6(1):495\u2013525.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4495_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.3.433","volume":"116","author":"BM Hicks","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hicks BM, Blonigen DM, Kramer MD, Krueger RF, Patrick CJ, Iacono WG, et al. Gender differences and developmental change in externalizing disorders from late adolescence to early adulthood: a longitudinal twin study. J Abnorm Psychol. 2007;116(3):433\u201347.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4495_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.2.222","volume":"39","author":"LM Broidy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Broidy LM, Nagin DS, Tremblay RE, Bates JE, Brame B, Dodge KA, et al. Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: a six-site, cross-national study. Dev Psychol. 2003;39(2):222\u201345.","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4495_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579422000207","volume":"35","author":"X Gong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gong X, Guo N, Huebner ES, Tian L. Gender-specific co-developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems from middle childhood to early adolescence: environmental and individual predictors. Dev Psychopathol. 2023;35(3):1468\u201383.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4495_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410701444223","volume":"36","author":"JD Burke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burke JD, Loeber R, Lahey BB. Adolescent conduct disorder and interpersonal callousness as predictors of psychopathy in young adults. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2007;36(3):334\u201346.","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4495_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199907000-00022","volume":"38","author":"U Rao","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rao U, Hammen C, Daley SE. Continuity of depression during the transition to adulthood: a 5-year longitudinal study of young women. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38(7):908\u201315.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"4495_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579499001959","volume":"11","author":"DM Capaldi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Capaldi DM, Stoolmiller M. Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: III. Prediction to young-adult adjustment. Dev Psychopathol. 1999;11(1):59\u201384.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4495_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.1.128","volume":"107","author":"BL Hankin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hankin BL, Abramson LY, Moffitt TE, Silva PA, McGee R, Angell KE. Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol. 1998;107(1):128\u201340.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4495_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023277413027","volume":"31","author":"MK Keiley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Keiley MK, Lofthouse N, Bates JE, Dodge KA, Pettit GS. Differential risks of covarying and pure components in mother and teacher reports of externalizing and internalizing behavior across ages 5 to 14. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2003;31(3):267\u201383.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4495_CR19","first-page":"224","volume":"32","author":"BJ Leadbeater","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leadbeater BJ, Merrin GJ, Contreras A, Ames ME. Trajectories of oppositional defiant disorder severity from adolescence to young adulthood and substance use, mental health, and behavioral problems. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2023;32(4):224\u201335.","journal-title":"J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"4495_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cueto S, Leon J. Early sexual initiation among adolescents: a longitudinal analysis for 15-year-olds in Peru. Revista Interamericana de Psicolog\u00eda\/Interamerican J Psychol. 2016;50(2):186\u2013203.","DOI":"10.30849\/rip\/ijp.v50i2.2"},{"key":"4495_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Toyama M, Vilela-Estrada AL, Hidalgo-Padilla L, Arenas Romero L, Gianella C, Fung C et al. Mental health policies for adolescents and young adults in Peru: a policy analysis. 2024. (preprint). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4917379.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4917379"},{"key":"4495_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IfedioraI S, Oo YMN, Pirouzi P. Addressing barriers to mental health care for indigenous peoples in Canada. Crown College of Canada; 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.15151192.","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.15151192"},{"issue":"2","key":"4495_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-010-9173-z","volume":"34","author":"D Pedersen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pedersen D, Kienzler H, Gamarra J. Llaki and \u00d1akary: idioms of distress and suffering among the highland quechua in the peruvian andes. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2010;34(2):279\u2013300.","journal-title":"Cult Med Psychiatry"},{"key":"4495_CR24","volume-title":"Ethnologue: languages of the world","author":"E David","year":"2025","unstructured":"David E, Simons GF, Fennig CD. Ethnologue: languages of the world. 28th ed. Dallas: SIL International; 2025.","edition":"28"},{"key":"4495_CR25","unstructured":"Ministry. of Women and Vulnerable Populations. Legal Norms. https:\/\/www.pj.gob.pe\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/fe44b080400d67cd8a23bf6976768c74\/C%C3%B3digo+de+los+ni%C3%B1os+y+adolescentes+Ley+N%C2%B0+27337.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=fe44b080400d67cd8a23bf6976768c74."},{"key":"4495_CR26","unstructured":"Steinberg L. Age of opportunity: lessons from the new science of adolescence. Eamon Dolan\/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2014:272."},{"key":"4495_CR27","unstructured":"Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington, (VT): University of Vermont, research center for children, youth, & families; 2001."},{"issue":"5","key":"4495_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","volume":"38","author":"R Goodman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goodman R. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38(5):581\u20136.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4495_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Black L, Panayiotou M, Humphrey N. Measuring general mental health in early-mid adolescence: A systematic meta\u2010review of content and psychometrics. JCPP Adv. 2023;3(1):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/e3y8r.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/e3y8r"},{"issue":"1","key":"4495_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/10634266221136064","volume":"32","author":"SN Weeks","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weeks SN, Renshaw TL, Rainey AA, Hiatt A. Evaluating a unified screener for adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems. J Emot Behav Disord. 2024;32(1):24\u201335.","journal-title":"J Emot Behav Disord"},{"key":"4495_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jovanovi\u0107 V. The youth externalizing problems screene : Evidence of convergent validity and measurement invariance across gender, time, and two countries. . Eur J Psychol Assess. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000871.","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000871"},{"key":"4495_CR32","unstructured":"Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Second Edition Guilford Press; 2015:462. ISBN 9781462515363."},{"key":"4495_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Embretson SE, Reise SP. Item response theory for psychologists. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2000:384 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781410605269.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410605269"},{"issue":"24","key":"4495_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","volume":"25","author":"DE Beaton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(24):3186\u201391.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"4495_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests (Second Edition). Int J Test. 2018;18(2):101\u201334.","DOI":"10.1080\/15305058.2017.1398166"},{"issue":"1","key":"4495_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/15305058.2023.2294266","volume":"24","author":"D Iliescu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iliescu D, Bartram D, Zeinoun P, Ziegler M, Elosua P, Sireci S, et al. The test adaptation reporting standards (TARES): reporting test adaptations. Int J Test. 2024;24(1):80\u2013102.","journal-title":"Int J Test"},{"key":"4495_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606\u201313. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x. http:\/\/link.springer.com\/.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"4495_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spitzer RL. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. JAMA. 1999;282(18):1737. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737.\u00a0http:\/\/jama.jamanetwork.com\/article.aspx?.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737"},{"key":"4495_CR39","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2025. https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"key":"4495_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keith TZ. Multiple regression and beyond. Third Edition. | New York: Routledge, 2019. | Revised edition of the author\u2019s Multiple regression and beyond, 2015.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315162348"},{"issue":"4","key":"4495_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/0146621603027004004","volume":"27","author":"M Orlando","year":"2003","unstructured":"Orlando M, Thissen D. Further investigation of the performance of S - X2: an item fit index for use with dichotomous item response theory models. Appl Psychol Meas. 2003;27(4):289\u201398.","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"key":"4495_CR42","unstructured":"De Ayala RJ. The theory and practice of item response theory. 2nd ed. The Guilford Press; 2022."},{"key":"4495_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nering ML, Ostini R. Handbook of polytomous item response theory models. Routledge; 2010.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203861264"},{"issue":"3","key":"4495_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2015.1089249","volume":"98","author":"A Rodriguez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodriguez A, Reise SP, Haviland MG. Applying bifactor statistical indices in the evaluation of psychological measures. J Pers Assess. 2016;98(3):223\u201337.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"4495_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-016-9506-0","volume":"81","author":"H Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu H, Estabrook R. Identification of confirmatory factor analysis models of different levels of invariance for ordered categorical outcomes. Psychometrika. 2016;81(4):1014\u201345.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"3","key":"4495_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000075","volume":"22","author":"Y Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu Y, Millsap RE, West SG, Tein JY, Tanaka R, Grimm KJ. Testing measurement invariance in longitudinal data with ordered-categorical measures. Psychol Methods. 2017;22(3):486\u2013506.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"4495_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911231182687","volume":"31","author":"SAS Neufeld","year":"2024","unstructured":"Neufeld SAS, St Clair M, Brodbeck J, Wilkinson PO, Goodyer IM, Jones PB. Measurement invariance in longitudinal bifactor models: review and application based on the p Factor. Assessment. 2024;31(4):774\u201393.","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"4495_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","volume":"14","author":"FF Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen FF. Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model. 2007;14(3):464\u2013504.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"issue":"2","key":"4495_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.882658","volume":"21","author":"DA Sass","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sass DA, Schmitt TA, Marsh HW. Evaluating model fit with ordered categorical data within a measurement invariance framework: a comparison of estimators. Struct Equ Model. 2014;21(2):167\u201380.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"issue":"1","key":"4495_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2019.1602776","volume":"27","author":"D Svetina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Svetina D, Rutkowski L, Rutkowski D. Multiple-group invariance with categorical outcomes using updated guidelines: an illustration using M plus and the lavaan\/semTools packages. Struct Equ Model. 2020;27(1):111\u201330.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"issue":"3","key":"4495_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1103_1","volume":"11","author":"P Dudgeon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dudgeon P. A note on extending steiger\u2019s (1998) multiple sample RMSEA adjustment to other noncentrality parameter-based statistics. Struct Equ Model. 2004;11(3):305\u201319.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"issue":"3","key":"4495_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000537","volume":"29","author":"V Savalei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Savalei V, Brace JC, Fouladi RT. We need to change how we compute RMSEA for nested model comparisons in structural equation modeling. Psychol Methods. 2024;29(3):480\u201393.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"4495_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/0146621607314044","volume":"33","author":"CM Woods","year":"2009","unstructured":"Woods CM. Empirical selection of anchors for tests of differential item functioning. Appl Psychol Meas. 2009;33(1):42\u201357.","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"key":"4495_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chalmers RP. mirt: A multidimensional item response theory package for the r environment. J Stat Softw. 2012;48(6):1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i06.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i06"},{"issue":"3","key":"4495_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-018-9626-9","volume":"83","author":"RP Chalmers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chalmers RP. Model-based measures for detecting and quantifying response bias. Psychometrika. 2018;83(3):696\u2013732.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"3","key":"4495_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.3.847","volume":"42","author":"D Magis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Magis D, B\u00e9land S, Tuerlinckx F, De Boeck P. A general framework and an R package for the detection of dichotomous differential item functioning. Behav Res Methods. 2010;42(3):847\u201362.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"4495_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324818AME1404_2","volume":"14","author":"MG Jodoin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jodoin MG, Gierl MJ, Evaluating type I. Error and power rates using an effect size measure with the logistic regression procedure for DIF detection. Appl Measur Educ. 2001;14(4):329\u201349.","journal-title":"Appl Measur Educ"},{"key":"4495_CR58","unstructured":"Zumbo BD, Thomas DR. A measure of effect size for a model-based approach for studying DIF. Working paper of the edgeworth laboratory for quantitative behavioral science. Prince George, Canada: University of Northern British Columbia; 1997."},{"key":"4495_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cai L, Hansen M. Limited-information goodness-of-fit testing of hierarchical item factor models. The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology. 2013;66(2):245\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8317.2012.02050.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8317.2012.02050.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"4495_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.3.411","volume":"111","author":"RF Krueger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krueger RF, Hicks BM, Patrick CJ, Carlson SR, Iacono WG, McGue M. Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum. J Abnorm Psychol. 2002;111(3):411\u201324.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4495_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2012.715555","volume":"47","author":"SP Reise","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reise SP. The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivar Behav Res. 2012;47(5):667\u201396.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"4495_CR62","unstructured":"American educational research association. American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education. Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington (DC): American Educational Research Association. 2014:230."},{"key":"4495_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner U. The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press; 1979.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845"},{"issue":"4","key":"4495_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294825","volume":"58","author":"W Meredith","year":"1993","unstructured":"Meredith W. Measurement Invariance, Factor Analysis and Factorial Invariance. Psychometrika. 1993;58(4):525\u201343.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"4495_CR65","unstructured":"Hofstede G. Culture\u2019s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. 2nd ed. Sage; 2001."},{"key":"4495_CR66","unstructured":"Triandis HC. Individualism & collectivism. Westview; 1995."},{"issue":"2","key":"4495_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031963","volume":"122","author":"IT Petersen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petersen IT, Bates JE, D\u2019Onofrio BM, Coyne CA, Lansford JE, Dodge KA, et al. Language ability predicts the development of behavior problems in children. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122(2):542\u201357.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4495_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00350.x","volume":"32","author":"C Caron","year":"1991","unstructured":"Caron C, Rutter M. Comorbidity in child psychopathology: concepts, issues and research strategies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1991;32(7):1063\u201380.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4pt2","key":"4495_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579413000746","volume":"25","author":"TP Beauchaine","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beauchaine TP, McNulty T. Comorbidities and continuities as ontogenic processes: toward a developmental spectrum model of externalizing psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol. 2013;25(4pt2):1505\u201328.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"4495_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valladares-Garrido MJ, Le\u00f3n-Figueroa DA, Dawson FM, Burga-Cachay SC, Fernandez-Canani MA, Failoc-Rojas VE et al. Association between childhood trauma and mental health disorders in adolescents during the second pandemic wave of COVID-19, Chiclayo-Peru. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1169247.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1169247"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04495-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04495-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04495-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T18:02:33Z","timestamp":1779213753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04495-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04495-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Participants provided informed assent, and their parents gave written informed consent prior to participation. No incentives were offered. The study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and received prior approval from the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur (CIEI-CIENT\u00cdFICA), under approval code 101-2024-PRO99.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"754"}}