{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T03:34:58Z","timestamp":1788147298774,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent mental problems are complex and increasingly prevalent. Parenting style is a key modifiable factor, yet differences between maternal and paternal influences remain underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cohort of 8,842 Chinese adolescents underwent dual-wave assessments (Sep 2022 to Sep 2023). Parenting styles were assessed using short Chinese version of the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostra scale. Mental problems were assessed using Mental Health Inventory of Middle School Students, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Mixed-effect models explored associations between parenting styles and adolescent\u2019 mental problems. Latent transition analysis modeled mental problem profile dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both paternal and maternal rejection and overprotection were associated with increased risks of multiple mental problems, whereas emotional warmth was protective. Latent profile analysis across ten domains (academic stress, maladjustment, hostility, psychological imbalance, interpersonal sensitivity, emotional instability, compulsiveness, paranoia, depression and anxiety) identified three profiles: low (L), moderate (M), and severe (S). Notably, paternal emotional warmth significantly improved overall mental problem trajectories (e.g. M\u2192L: odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95%CI, 1.19\u20132.21), whereas maternal rejection and over-protection predicted deterioration (e.g. L\u2192M: rejection; OR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.83\u20133.49 vs. over-protection; OR, 1.81; 95%CI, 1.29\u20132.54), with maternal rejection exerting the stronger adverse association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal and paternal parenting styles exerted distinct influences on adolescent mental problems. Father\u2019s emotional warmth was associated with more favorable overall mental problem trajectories, while maternal rejection and over-protection predicted poorer outcomes, particularly the rejection. These findings suggest that interventions should differentiate between maternal and paternal roles when addressing adolescent mental problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04525-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T09:23:03Z","timestamp":1779182583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The association between maternal and paternal parenting styles and adolescents\u2019 overall mental problem: a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Daosen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranran","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaize","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xintong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruyi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxuan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qifei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4525_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caspi A, Houts RM, Ambler A et al. Longitudinal Assessment of Mental Health Disorders and Comorbidities Across 4 Decades Among Participants in the Dunedin Birth Cohort Study. Jama Netw Open 2020; 3(4).","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3221"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7","volume":"27","author":"M Solmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solmi M, Radua J, Olivola M, et al. Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatr. 2022;27(1):281\u201395.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"4525_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14099","volume":"66","author":"G Morneau-Vaillancourt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Morneau-Vaillancourt G, Palaiologou E, Polderman TJC, Eley TC. Research Review: A review of the past decade of family and genomic studies on adolescent mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2025;66(6):910\u201327.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"4525_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.05.017","volume":"49","author":"KR Merikangas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Merikangas KR, He JP, Burstein M, et al. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication\u2013Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49(10):980\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9801","key":"4525_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60827-1","volume":"378","author":"C Kieling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kieling C, Baker-Henningham H, Belfer M, et al. Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: evidence for action. Lancet. 2011;378(9801):1515\u201325.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9904","key":"4525_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61611-6","volume":"382","author":"HA Whiteford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013;382(9904):1575\u201386.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"4525_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3285","volume":"47","author":"TJ Polderman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Polderman TJ, Benyamin B, de Leeuw CA, et al. Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies. Nat Genet. 2015;47(7):702\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"10","key":"4525_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.1211","volume":"75","author":"S Guloksuz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guloksuz S, van Os J, Rutten BPF. The Exposome Paradigm and the Complexities of Environmental Research in Psychiatry. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(10):985\u20136.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"31","key":"4525_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03721-8","volume":"42","author":"E Kallay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kallay E, Cheie L. Can I still blame my parents? Links between perceived parenting, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and adolescent mental health. Curr Psychol. 2023;42(31):27259\u201374.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4525_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x","volume":"16","author":"AS Morris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morris AS, Silk JS, Steinberg L, Myers SS, Robinson LR. The Role of the Family Context in the Development of Emotion Regulation. Soc Dev. 2007;16(2):361\u201388.","journal-title":"Soc Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"4525_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12566","volume":"30","author":"WA Rothenberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rothenberg WA, Lansford JE, Bornstein MH, et al. Effects of Parental Warmth and Behavioral Control on Adolescent Externalizing and Internalizing Trajectories Across Cultures. J Res Adolesc. 2020;30(4):835\u201355.","journal-title":"J Res Adolesc"},{"key":"4525_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuele SJ, Yap MBH, Lin S, Pozzi E, Whittle S. Associations between paternal versus maternal parenting behaviors and child and adolescent internalizing problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 105.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2023.102339"},{"issue":"5","key":"4525_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-022-01723-0","volume":"52","author":"IB Arslan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arslan IB, Lucassen N, Keijsers L, Stevens G. When Too Much Help is of No Help: Mothers\u2019 and Fathers\u2019 Perceived Overprotective Behavior and (Mal)Adaptive Functioning in Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc. 2023;52(5):1010\u201323.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"6","key":"4525_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-016-0376-y","volume":"25","author":"T Tavassolie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tavassolie T, Dudding S, Madigan AL, Thorvardarson E, Winsler A. Differences in Perceived Parenting Style Between Mothers and Fathers: Implications for Child Outcomes and Marital Conflict. J Child Fam stud. 2016;25(6):2055\u201368.","journal-title":"J Child Fam stud"},{"key":"4525_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.05.020","volume":"91","author":"SJ Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee SJ, Pace GT, Lee JY, Knauer H. The Association of Fathers\u2019 Parental Warmth and Parenting Stress to Child Behavior Problems. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2018;91:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"4525_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1103-y","volume":"27","author":"A Andreas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andreas A, White LO, Sierau S, Perren S, von Klitzing K, Klein AM. Like mother like daughter, like father like son? Intergenerational transmission of internalizing symptoms at early school age: a longitudinal study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;27(8):985\u201395.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"4525_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field AP, Lester KJ, Cartwright-Hatton S et al. Maternal and paternal influences on childhood anxiety symptoms: A genetically sensitive comparison. J Appl Dev Psychol 2020; 68.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2020.101123"},{"issue":"19","key":"4525_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16011","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-020-01014-6","volume":"42","author":"Y Yaffe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yaffe Y. Systematic review of the differences between mothers and fathers in parenting styles and practices. Curr Psychol. 2023;42(19):16011\u201324.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4525_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712000025","volume":"42","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, McLaughlin KA, et al. Lifetime co-morbidity of DSM-IV disorders in the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Psychol Med. 2012;42(9):1997\u20132010.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4525_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/da.1048","volume":"14","author":"DA Axelson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Axelson DA, Birmaher B. Relation between anxiety and depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence. Depress Anxiety. 2001;14(2):67\u201378.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"4","key":"4525_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c","volume":"20","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Amminger GP, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Lee S, Ustun TB. Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007;20(4):359\u201364.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"4525_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.103501","volume":"123","author":"RM Rapee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rapee RM, Oar EL, Johnco CJ, et al. Adolescent development and risk for the onset of social-emotional disorders: A review and conceptual model. Behav Res Ther. 2019;123:103501.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20175","volume":"14","author":"RF Krueger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krueger RF, Eaton NR. Transdiagnostic factors of mental disorders. World Psychiatry. 2015;14(1):27\u20139.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"4525_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/01494929.2016.1247761","volume":"53","author":"M Pinquart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pinquart M. Associations of Parenting Dimensions and Styles with Internalizing Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. Marriage Family Rev. 2017;53(7):613\u201340.","journal-title":"Marriage Family Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"4525_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0730","volume":"72","author":"WE Copeland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Copeland WE, Wolke D, Shanahan L, Costello EJ. Adult Functional Outcomes of Common Childhood Psychiatric Problems: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(9):892\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-022-00969-4","volume":"10","author":"K Gobel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gobel K, Ortelbach N, Cohrdes C, et al. Co-occurrence, stability and manifestation of child and adolescent mental health problems: a latent transition analysis. BMC Psychol. 2022;10(1):267.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4525_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000710","volume":"90","author":"SM Kennedy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kennedy SM, Tonarely NA, Halliday E, Ehrenreich-May J. A person-centered approach to understanding heterogeneity of youth receiving transdiagnostic treatment for emotional disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2022;90(3):234\u201345.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4525_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457949700206X","volume":"9","author":"LR Bergman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bergman LR, Magnusson D. A person-oriented approach in research on developmental psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol. 1997;9(2):291\u2013319.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4525_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579403000294","volume":"15","author":"A von Eye","year":"2003","unstructured":"von Eye A, Bergman LR. Research strategies in developmental psychopathology: dimensional identity and the person-oriented approach. Dev Psychopathol. 2003;15(3):553\u201380.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4525_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-021-01538-5","volume":"51","author":"Z Teuber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teuber Z, Tang X, Sielemann L, Otterpohl N, Wild E. Autonomy-related Parenting Profiles and their Effects on Adolescents\u2019 Academic and Psychological Development: A Longitudinal Person-oriented Analysis. J Youth Adolesc. 2022;51(7):1333\u201353.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"4525_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.02.012","volume":"15","author":"JG Smetana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smetana JG. Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017;15:19\u201325.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"4525_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548549","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1548549","volume":"16","author":"W Kassis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kassis W, Vasiou A, Aksoy D, Favre CA, Talmon-Gros Artz S, Magnusson D. Parenting style patterns and their longitudinal impact on mental health in abused and nonabused adolescents. Front Psychiatry. 2025;16:1548549.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"4525_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-020-00356-9","volume":"14","author":"M Colizzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colizzi M, Lasalvia A, Ruggeri M. Prevention and early intervention in youth mental health: is it time for a multidisciplinary and trans-diagnostic model for care? Int J Ment Health Syst. 2020;14:23.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-024-00735-x","volume":"18","author":"P Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang P, Wang Z, Qiu S. Universal, school-based transdiagnostic interventions to promote mental health and emotional wellbeing: a systematic review. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2024;18(1):47.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"4525_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-025-02731-8","volume":"34","author":"S Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang S, Yu M, Zhang X, et al. Comparison of mental health networks across different educational stages. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2025;34(10):3115\u201323.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"4525_CR36","first-page":"15","volume":"4","author":"J Wang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wang J, Li Y, He E. Development and standardization of mental health scale for middle school students in China. Psychosoc Sci. 1997;4:15\u201320.","journal-title":"Psychosoc Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"4525_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606\u201313.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"4525_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun J, Liang K, Chi X, Chen S. Psychometric Properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 Item (GAD-7) in a Large Sample of Chinese Adolescents. Healthc (Basel) 2021; 9(12).","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9121709"},{"issue":"10","key":"4525_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4525_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.021","volume":"36","author":"W Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang W, Bian Q, Zhao Y, et al. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in the general population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(5):539\u201344.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR41","first-page":"94","volume":"26","author":"J Jiang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jiang J, Lu Z, Jiang B-J, Xu Y. Revision of the short-form Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran for Chinese. Psychol Dev Educ. 2010;26(1):94\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychol Dev Educ"},{"key":"4525_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20398","volume":"175","author":"SK Johnson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnson SK. Latent profile transition analyses and growth mixture models: A very non-technical guide for researchers in child and adolescent development. New Dir Child Adoles. 2021;175:111\u201339.","journal-title":"New Dir Child Adoles"},{"issue":"2","key":"4525_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst085","volume":"39","author":"KS Berlin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berlin KS, Parra GR, Williams NA. An Introduction to Latent Variable Mixture Modeling (Part 2): Longitudinal Latent Class Growth Analysis and Growth Mixture Models. J Pediatr Psychol. 2014;39(2):188\u2013203.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004710","volume":"49","author":"P Sinha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sinha P, Calfee CS, Delucchi KL. Practitioner\u2019s Guide to Latent Class Analysis: Methodological Considerations and Common Pitfalls. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(1):e63\u201379.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"4525_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1080\/02664763.2019.1692794","volume":"47","author":"D Vidotto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vidotto D, Vermunt JK, Van Deun K. Multiple imputation of longitudinal categorical data through bayesian mixture latent Markov models. J Appl Stat. 2020;47(10):1720\u201338.","journal-title":"J Appl Stat"},{"issue":"2","key":"4525_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-009-9135-y","volume":"75","author":"A Satorra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Satorra A, Bentler PM. Ensuring Positiveness of the Scaled Difference Chi-square Test Statistic. Psychometrika. 2010;75(2):243\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"4525_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417355","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1417355","volume":"15","author":"Y Ren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ren Y, Zhang S, Huang C, Zhang J, Jiang T, Fang Y. Perceived parental rearing styles and depression in Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of self-compassion. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1417355.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"4525_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00092-2","volume":"34","author":"U Wolfradt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wolfradt U, Hempel S, Miles JNV. Perceived parenting styles, depersonalisation, anxiety and coping behaviour in adolescents. Pers Indiv Differ. 2003;34(3):521\u201332.","journal-title":"Pers Indiv Differ"},{"issue":"4","key":"4525_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4530","volume":"20","author":"A Galvan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Galvan A. Adolescence, brain maturation and mental health. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20(4):503\u20134.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"4525_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16030353","volume":"173","author":"JE LeDoux","year":"2016","unstructured":"LeDoux JE, Pine DS. Using Neuroscience to Help Understand Fear and Anxiety: A Two-System Framework. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(11):1083\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4525_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.09.003","volume":"120","author":"L Romund","year":"2016","unstructured":"Romund L, Raufelder D, Flemming E, et al. Maternal parenting behavior and emotion processing in adolescents-An fMRI study. Biol Psychol. 2016;120:120\u20135.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4525_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-9973-2","volume":"43","author":"AE Guyer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guyer AE, Jarcho JM, Perez-Edgar K, et al. Temperament and Parenting Styles in Early Childhood Differentially Influence Neural Response to Peer Evaluation in Adolescence. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2015;43(5):863\u201374.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"4525_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu XW, Chen ZK. The Associations Between Parenting and Bullying Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Youth Adolescence 2024.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-024-02108-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"4525_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-011-9483-y","volume":"21","author":"M Verhoeven","year":"2012","unstructured":"Verhoeven M, Bogels SM, van der Bruggen CC. Unique Roles of Mothering and Fathering in Child Anxiety; Moderation by Child\u2019s Age and Gender. J Child Fam Stud. 2012;21(2):331\u201343.","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"key":"4525_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.07.007","volume":"109","author":"M Majdandzic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Majdandzic M, de Vente W, Colonnesi C, Bogels SM. Fathers\u2019 challenging parenting behavior predicts less subsequent anxiety symptoms in early childhood. Behav Res Ther. 2018;109:18\u201328.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"4525_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou H, Tian CY, Hong LW, Fan ZG, Chen W. Relationship between Parenting Style and Peer Relationships during Early Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Parental Mentalizing. J Genet Psychol 2024.","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.2024.2413488"},{"key":"4525_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.03.002","volume":"45","author":"EL Moller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moller EL, Nikolic M, Majdandzic M, Bogels SM. Associations between maternal and paternal parenting behaviors, anxiety and its precursors in early childhood: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;45:17\u201333.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"4525_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-024-01721-7","volume":"25","author":"SK Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee SK, Gewirtz AH, Piehler TF. Parenting Profiles in Military Families: Intervention-Related Transitions and Relationships to Child Adjustment. Prev Sci. 2024;25(7):1040\u201352.","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4525_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/1069397112440931","volume":"46","author":"DL Putnick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Putnick DL, Bornstein MH, Lansford JE, et al. Agreement in Mother and Father Acceptance-Rejection, Warmth, and Hostility\/Rejection\/Neglect of Children across Nine Countries. Cross Cult Res. 2012;46(3):191\u2013223.","journal-title":"Cross Cult Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-02291-7","volume":"12","author":"B Pan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pan B, Wang Y, Xu P, et al. The complex longitudinal influence of paternal and maternal parental psychological flexibility on child problem behavior: exploring the role of parenting styles. BMC Psychol. 2024;12(1):793.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"4525_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.04.065","volume":"357","author":"YL Dai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dai YL, Zheng Y, Hu KS, et al. Heterogeneity in the co-occurrence of depression and anxiety among adolescents: Results of latent profile analysis. J Affect Disorders. 2024;357:77\u201384.","journal-title":"J Affect Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"4525_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02317-4","volume":"29","author":"C Xie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xie C, Xiang S, Shen C, et al. A shared neural basis underlying psychiatric comorbidity. Nat Med. 2023;29(5):1232\u201342.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4525_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00275-1","volume":"34","author":"RG Wight","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wight RG, Sep\u00dalveda JE, Aneshensel CS. Depressive symptoms: how do adolescents compare with adults? J Adolesc Health. 2004;34(4):314\u201323.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"4525_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.01.050","volume":"175","author":"MB Yap","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yap MB, Jorm AF. Parental factors associated with childhood anxiety, depression, and internalizing problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2015;175:424\u201340.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4525_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azman \u00d6, Mauz E, Reitzle M, Geene R, H\u00f6lling H, Rattay P. Associations between Parenting Style and Mental Health in Children and Adolescents Aged 11\u201317 Years: Results of the KiGGS Cohort Study (Second Follow-Up). Children-Basel 2021; 8(8).","DOI":"10.3390\/children8080672"},{"key":"4525_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng B, Hu NN, Yu HY, Xiao HS, Luo J. Parenting Style and Adolescent Mental Health: The Chain Mediating Effects of Self-Esteem and Psychological Inflexibility. Front Psychol 2021; 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.738170"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-024-00728-w","volume":"18","author":"X Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun X, Yuan T, Chen F, Li Y, Jiang N. Network analysis of maternal parenting practices and adolescent mental health problems: a longitudinal study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2024;18(1):38.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-019-01126-8","volume":"49","author":"S Van Petegem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Petegem S, Antonietti JP, Nunes CE, Kins E, Soenens B. The Relationship between Maternal Overprotection, Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Problems, and Psychological Need Frustration: A Multi-Informant Study Using Response Surface Analysis. J Youth Adolescence. 2020;49(1):162\u201377.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolescence"},{"key":"4525_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang LN, Han JQ, Liu MQ, Yang C, Liao YH. The prevalence and possible risk factors of gaming disorder among adolescents in China. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05826-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"4525_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.12.006","volume":"189","author":"HG Cheng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cheng HG, Huang Y, Liu Z, Liu B. Associations linking parenting styles and offspring personality disorder are moderated by parental personality disorder, evidence from China. Psychiatry Res. 2011;189(1):105\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"4525_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2017.08.003","volume":"70","author":"KN Daljeet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Daljeet KN, Bremner NL, Giammarco EA, Meyer JP, Paunonen SV. Taking a person-centered approach to personality: A latent-profile analysis of the HEXACO model of personality. J Res Pers. 2017;70:241\u201351.","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"key":"4525_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.03.059","volume":"170","author":"A Abarda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abarda A, Dakkon M, Azhari M, Zaaloul A, Khabouze M. Latent Transition Analysis (LTA): A Method for Identifying Differences in Longitudinal Change Among Unobserved Groups. Procedia Comput Sci. 2020;170:1116\u201321.","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"4525_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magson NR, van Zalk N, M\u00f6rtberg E, Chard I, Tillfors M, Rapee RM. Latent stability and change in subgroups of social anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescence: A latent profile and transitional analysis. J Anxiety Disord 2022; 87.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2022.102537"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04525-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04525-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04525-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:01:33Z","timestamp":1783659693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04525-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04525-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-sen University (2021-052) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1035"}}