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The study was carried out in two phases. The first phase involved the translation and cultural adaptation of the original English PHQ-9 into the Quechua variant spoken in San Mart\u00edn. The second phase tested how well the adapted PHQ-9 worked by using different methods: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine its internal structure, multi-group CFA to assess measurement invariance across groups, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) to evaluate construct representation, and reliability estimation. Convergent validity was also examined through correlations with related measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A unidimensional model of the PHQ-9 Quechua San Mart\u00edn showed adequate fit (CFI\u2009=\u20090.996, TLI\u2009=\u20090.994, SRMR\u2009=\u20090.048, RMSEA\u2009=\u20090.051) and high reliability (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.86; \u03a9\u2009=\u20090.87). Measurement invariance was supported across sociodemographic groups (\u0394CFI and\/or \u0394RMSEA\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Convergent validity was supported by an adequate AVE (0.53). Additionally, PHQ-9 scores correlated moderately with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and weakly and negatively with the Well-Being Index, supporting convergent validity based on relations with other variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The San Mart\u00edn Quechua PHQ-9 is a valid, reliable, and at least partially invariant single-factor instrument for assessing depressive symptoms in Quechua-speaking adults. It may be useful as a screening tool in similar populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04653-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:23:58Z","timestamp":1777695838000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adaptation to San Mart\u00edn Quechua and psychometric analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Peruvian adults"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6732-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Cjuno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7259-7817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heber","family":"Gomez-Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3391-1134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Shupingahua-Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9976-1560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Aranda-Turpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5637-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Julca Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2189-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilo","family":"Vel\u00e1squez-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4820-9570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eddy Wildmar Aquize","family":"Anco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8515-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janina","family":"Bazalar-Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6169-8049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Bazo-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"4653_CR1","unstructured":"Adelaar WFH. 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