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Migration background was identified as a relevant moderating factor in an exploratory analysis. An early age of entry into non-familial care was weakly associated with more mental health problems in young adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parental decisions on early non-familial childcare should carefully consider the child\u2019s age of entry, the quality of care, and the family's socio-economic context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04660-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:53:39Z","timestamp":1777946019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does early non-familial child care impact the development of mental health problems, risk behaviors, and educational outcomes until young adulthood?\u2014Findings from an 18-year longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0260-011X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Schulz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1412-7649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann-Katrin","family":"Job","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1276-5580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurt","family":"Hahlweg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3302-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Supke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"4660_CR1","unstructured":"European Commission. 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The project was conducted according to the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki (64th WMA General Assembly, Fortaleza, Brazil, 2013). The project received ethical approval by the ethics committee of the German Psychological Society (DGPs; FF-III identification number: WS 12_2010) and by the independent ethics committee of Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig (FF-IV identification number D-2019\u201301; Faculty of Life Sciences).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"655"}}