{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:18:11Z","timestamp":1792153091529,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":68,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Armed conflict exposes children to prolonged and multifaceted adversity, including violence, displacement, bereavement, family disruption, poverty, insecurity, and disrupted schooling. Although research on psychosocial interventions for conflict-affected children has grown, the evidence remains heterogeneous, and causal conclusions are often difficult to distinguish from feasibility, contextual, or implementation findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic interpretive mapping review aimed to synthesize evidence on psychosocial interventions for children affected by armed conflict by mapping intervention types, delivery platforms, mechanism-related intervention content, family and caregiving context, and implementation conditions, while explicitly separating levels of evidentiary inference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search of five major databases identified 7,729 unique records, of which 50 evidence sources met the final inclusion criteria. Evidence sources included randomized controlled trials, cluster randomized trials, crossover randomized trials, quasi-experimental studies, pilot and usability studies, observational studies, reviews, conceptual papers, guidelines, operational guidance, and implementation sources. Data were extracted and synthesized using a convergent segregated mixed-methods approach. Evidence sources were classified into 17 effectiveness studies, 2 non-comparative intervention studies, and 31 contextual or implementation evidence sources to separate cautious causal inference from feasibility, contextual, policy, and implementation interpretation. Methodological quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute tools where applicable, and certainty of evidence was assessed separately from study-level methodological quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Effectiveness evidence was concentrated in school-based, community-based, trauma-focused, group-based, family-focused, and emerging digital interventions, often delivered by non-specialist providers in resource-constrained or humanitarian settings. Controlled studies suggested modest and heterogeneous improvements in post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, behavioral difficulties, and psychosocial functioning. Family-focused and caregiver-relevant interventions appeared promising, but the number of rigorous trials was limited. Trauma-focused and skills-based interventions showed potential benefit when delivered with adequate structure, supervision, cultural adaptation, and continuity. Digital interventions remained at an early stage of evaluation. Contextual and implementation evidence highlighted the importance of caregiver functioning, ongoing daily stressors, displacement, safety, school continuity, supervision, service access, and delivery platform stability, but these factors were rarely tested as formal mechanisms or moderators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychosocial interventions for conflict-affected children show promise, but outcomes vary across intervention types, populations, delivery platforms, and conflict settings. Rather than identifying a single optimal intervention, this review suggests that intervention benefit should be understood within a broader ecological and implementation system. Future research should directly test mechanisms, moderators, developmental differences, implementation conditions, equity, digital access, and long-term outcomes to strengthen causal understanding and improve intervention design in humanitarian settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04726-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T11:14:20Z","timestamp":1781349260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A systematic review of psychosocial interventions for children affected by armed conflict: mapping what works, for whom, and under what conditions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Atefeh","family":"Shamsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robabe","family":"Khalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9812","key":"4726_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60050-0","volume":"379","author":"RV Reed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reed RV, Fazel M, Jones L, Panter-Brick C, Stein A. Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in low-income and middle-income countries: risk and protective factors. Lancet. 2012;379(9812):250\u201365.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9467","key":"4726_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61027-6","volume":"365","author":"M Fazel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fazel M, Wheeler J, Danesh J. Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in Western countries: a systematic review. Lancet. 2005;365(9467):1309\u201314.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10194","key":"4726_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30934-1","volume":"394","author":"F Charlson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Charlson F, van Ommeren M, Flaxman A, Cornett J, Whiteford H, Saxena S. New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;394(10194):240\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"4726_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.09.029","volume":"70","author":"KE Miller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miller KE, Rasmussen A. War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(1):7\u201316.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4726_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0692-3","volume":"18","author":"KE Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller KE, Jordans MJD. Determinants of children\u2019s mental health in war-torn settings: translating research into action. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(6):58.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"4726_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12167","volume":"55","author":"C Panter-Brick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Panter-Brick C, Grimon MP, Eggerman M. Caregiver-child mental health: a prospective study in conflict and refugee settings. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014;55(4):313\u201327.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"4726_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0b013e318283bf8f","volume":"21","author":"TS Betancourt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Betancourt TS, Meyers-Ohki SE, Charrow A, Tol WA. Interventions for children affected by war: an ecological perspective on psychosocial support and mental health. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2013;21(2):70\u201391.","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"4726_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089359","volume":"9","author":"RA Tyrer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tyrer RA, Fazel M. School and community-based interventions for refugee and asylum-seeking children: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):e89359.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"4726_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12671","volume":"58","author":"FL Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown FL, de Graaff AM, Annan J, Betancourt TS. Annual research review: breaking cycles of violence: a systematic review and common practice elements analysis of psychosocial interventions for children and youth affected by armed conflict. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;58(4):507\u201324.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"4726_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e390","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30046-9","volume":"6","author":"M Purgato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Purgato M, Gross AL, Betancourt T, Bolton P, Bonetto C, Gastaldon C, et al. Focused psychosocial interventions for children in low-resource humanitarian settings: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(4):e390\u2013400.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"4726_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12053","volume":"54","author":"WA Tol","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tol WA, Song S, Jordans MJD. Annual research review: resilience and mental health in children and adolescents living in areas of armed conflict: a systematic review of findings in low- and middle-income countries. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54(4):445\u201360.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"4726_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.166723","volume":"310","author":"WA Tol","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tol WA, Barbui C, van Ommeren M. Management of acute stress, PTSD, and bereavement: WHO recommendations in humanitarian settings. JAMA. 2013;310(5):477\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"4726_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3588.2008.00515.x","volume":"14","author":"MJD Jordans","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jordans MJD, Tol WA, Komproe IH, de Jong JTVM. Systematic review of evidence and treatment approaches: psychosocial and mental health care for children in war. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2009;14(1):2\u201314.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Ment Health"},{"key":"4726_CR14","volume-title":"IASC guidelines on mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings","author":"Inter-Agency Standing Committee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Inter-Agency Standing Committee. IASC guidelines on mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings. Geneva: IASC; 2007."},{"key":"4726_CR15","unstructured":"World Health Organization. mhGAP Intervention Guide for Mental, Neurological and Substance Use Disorders in Non-Specialized Health Settings. Version 2.0. Geneva: WHO; 2016."},{"key":"4726_CR16","volume-title":"Operational guidance for mental health & psychosocial support programming in refugee operations","author":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees","year":"2013","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Operational guidance for mental health & psychosocial support programming in refugee operations. Geneva: UNHCR; 2013."},{"key":"4726_CR17","volume-title":"Operational guidelines on community-based mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: Three-tiered support for children and families","author":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund","year":"2018","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund. Operational guidelines on community-based mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: Three-tiered support for children and families. New York: UNICEF; 2018."},{"issue":"12","key":"4726_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.09.011","volume":"53","author":"TS Betancourt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Betancourt TS, Newnham EA, Hann K, McBain R, Akinsulure-Smith AM, Weisz JR, et al. A behavioral intervention for war-affected youth in Sierra Leone: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(12):1288\u201397.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"4726_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12131","volume":"55","author":"TS Betancourt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Betancourt TS, McBain R, Newnham EA, Brennan RT. Context matters: community characteristics and mental health among war-affected youth. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014;55(3):217\u201326.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"4726_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12435","volume":"60","author":"I Borinca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Borinca I, Tropp LR, Ofosu N. Meta-humanization enhances positive reactions to prosocial cross-group interaction. Br J Soc Psychol. 2021;60(3):1051\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjso.12435.","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"4726_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672251338559","author":"I Borinca","year":"2025","unstructured":"Borinca I, Stathi S, Gkinopoulos T. Ameliorating war\u2019s shadows: the role of war-related memories and meta-humanization on intergroup reconciliation. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01461672251338559.","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"4726_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.70065","author":"I Borinca","year":"2026","unstructured":"Borinca I, Tank\u0131r EY, Barqa F, Cakal H. Empathy, perceived injustice and solidarity-based action: observer responses to civilian suffering in military conflicts. Eur J Soc Psychol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.70065.","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"4726_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-45","volume":"8","author":"J Thomas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thomas J, Harden A. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008;8:45.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"6 Pt 2","key":"4726_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12117","volume":"48","author":"MD Fetters","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fetters MD, Curry LA, Creswell JW. Achieving integration in mixed methods designs: Principles and practices. Health Serv Res. 2013;48(6 Pt 2):2134\u201356.","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"4726_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182440","volume":"35","author":"P Pluye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pluye P, Hong QN. Combining the power of stories and the power of numbers: Mixed methods research and mixed studies reviews. Annu Rev Public Health. 2014;35:29\u201345.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"4726_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"4726_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.4.579","volume":"72","author":"F Neuner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Neuner F, Schauer M, Klaschik C, Karunakara U, Elbert T. A comparison of narrative exposure therapy, supportive counseling, and psychoeducation for treating posttraumatic stress disorder in an African refugee settlement. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72(4):579\u201387.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"4726_CR28","volume-title":"Narrative Exposure Therapy: a short-term intervention for traumatic stress disorders","author":"M Schauer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schauer M, Neuner F, Elbert T. Narrative Exposure Therapy: a short-term intervention for traumatic stress disorders. 2nd ed. G\u00f6ttingen: Hogrefe; 2011.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"6","key":"4726_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.6.655","volume":"300","author":"WA Tol","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tol WA, Komproe IH, Susanty D, Jordans MJD, Macy RD, de Jong JTVM. School-based mental health intervention for children affected by political violence in Indonesia: a cluster randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300(6):655\u201362.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"4726_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02209.x","volume":"51","author":"MJD Jordans","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jordans MJD, Komproe IH, Tol WA, Kohrt BA, Luitel NP, Macy RD, et al. Evaluation of a classroom-based psychosocial intervention in conflict-affected Nepal: a cluster randomized controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010;51(7):818\u201326.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"4726_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wpsyc.2012.05.008","volume":"11","author":"WA Tol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tol WA, Komproe IH, Jordans MJD, Vallipuram A, Sipsma H, Sivayokan S, et al. Outcomes and moderators of a preventive school-based mental health intervention for children affected by war in Sri Lanka: a cluster randomized trial. World Psychiatry. 2012;11(2):114\u201322.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"4726_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229.2012.649113","volume":"20","author":"WA Tol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tol WA, Patel V, Tomlinson M, Baingana F, Galappatti A, Silove D, et al. Relevance or excellence? Setting research priorities for mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2012;20(1):25\u201336.","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"4726_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-56","volume":"12","author":"WA Tol","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tol WA, Komproe IH, Jordans MJD, Ndayisaba A, Ntamutumba P, Sipsma H, et al. School-based mental health intervention for children in war-affected Burundi: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Med. 2014;12:56.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"9950","key":"4726_CR34","first-page":"1645","volume":"384","author":"WA Tol","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tol WA, Kohrt BA, Jordans MJD, Thapa SB, Pettigrew J, Upadhaya N, et al. Political violence and mental health: a multisectoral approach. Lancet. 2014;384(9950):1645\u201356.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4726_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.12.002","volume":"40","author":"M Diab","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diab M, Peltonen K, Qouta S, Punam\u00e4ki RL. Effectiveness of psychosocial intervention enhancing resilience among war-affected children and the moderating role of family factors. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;40:24\u201335.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"4","key":"4726_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1037\/h0099856","volume":"20","author":"RL Punam\u00e4ki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Punam\u00e4ki RL, Qouta S, El Sarraj E, Montgomery E. Psychological distress and resources among siblings and peers in war conditions: testing intervention effects in Gaza. Traumatology. 2014;20(4):241\u201352.","journal-title":"Traumatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4726_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22149","volume":"29","author":"S Kangaslampi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kangaslampi S, Punam\u00e4ki RL, Qouta S, Diab M, Peltonen K. Psychosocial group intervention among war-affected children: an analysis of changes in posttraumatic cognitions. J Trauma Stress. 2016;29(6):546\u201355.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"11","key":"4726_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12908","volume":"59","author":"E Pfeiffer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pfeiffer E, Sachser C, Rohlmann F, Goldbeck L. Effectiveness of a trauma-focused group intervention for young refugees: a randomized controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018;59(11):1171\u20139.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"4726_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1558708","volume":"10","author":"K Peltonen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peltonen K, Kangaslampi S. Treating children and adolescents with multiple traumas: a randomized clinical trial of narrative exposure therapy. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2019;10(1):1558708.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4726_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12094","volume":"54","author":"J McMullen","year":"2013","unstructured":"McMullen J, O\u2019Callaghan P, Shannon C, Black A, Eakin J. Group trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy with former child soldiers and other war-affected boys in the DR Congo: a randomised controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54(11):1231\u201341.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"4726_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.01.013","volume":"52","author":"P O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Callaghan P, McMullen J, Shannon C, Rafferty H, Black A. A randomized controlled trial of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually exploited, war-affected Congolese girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52(4):359\u201369.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"4726_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004046","volume":"19","author":"RA Bryant","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bryant RA, Malik A, Aqel IS, Ghatasheh M, Habashneh R, Dawson KS, et al. Effectiveness of a brief group behavioural intervention on psychological distress in young adolescent Syrian refugees: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2022;19(8):e1004046.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"4726_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148337","volume":"19","author":"LE Miller-Graff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miller-Graff LE, Cummings EM. Supporting youth and families in Gaza: a randomized controlled trial of a family-based intervention program. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(14):8337.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4726_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanprc.2025.100001","volume":"1","author":"JR Weisz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Weisz JR, Steinberg AM, Sun M, Ougrin D, Martsenkovskyi D, et al. Effects of a brief digital problem-solving intervention on depression and anxiety symptoms in Ukrainian children and adolescents displaced by war: a crossover, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Prim Care. 2025;1(1):100001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanprc.2025.100001.","journal-title":"Lancet Prim Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"4726_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.5.519","volume":"298","author":"P Bolton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bolton P, Bass J, Betancourt T, Speelman L, Onyango G, Clougherty KF, et al. Interventions for depression symptoms among adolescent survivors of war and displacement: a randomized controlled trial in northern Uganda. JAMA. 2007;298(5):519\u201327.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4726_CR46","first-page":"1","volume":"211","author":"C Panter-Brick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Panter-Brick C, Dajani R, Eggerman M, Hermosilla S, Sancilio A, Ager A. Insecurity, distress and mental health: experimental and randomized evaluation of a psychosocial intervention for youth in a conflict-affected setting. Soc Sci Med. 2018;211:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4726_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22218","volume":"30","author":"E Pfeiffer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pfeiffer E, Goldbeck L. Evaluation of a trauma-focused group intervention for unaccompanied young refugees: a pilot study. J Trauma Stress. 2017;30(5):531\u20136.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"4726_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/63777","volume":"8","author":"H Segal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Segal H, Benis A, Saar S, Shachar-Lavie I, Fennig S. Digital platform for pediatric mental health support during armed conflicts: development and usability study. JMIR Form Res. 2024;8:e63777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/63777.","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"9375","key":"4726_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13692-6","volume":"361","author":"JTVM de Jong","year":"2003","unstructured":"de Jong JTVM, Komproe IH, Van Ommeren M. Common mental disorders in postconflict settings. Lancet. 2003;361(9375):2128\u201330.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"4726_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2016.1220309","volume":"46","author":"S Dorsey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dorsey S, McLaughlin KA, Kerns SEU, Harrison JP, Lambert HK, Briggs EC, et al. Evidence base update for psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2017;46(3):303\u201330.","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4726_CR51","first-page":"678","volume":"4","author":"IA Kira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kira IA, Ashby JS, Lewandowski L, Alawneh AN, Mohanesh J. Advances in continuous traumatic stress theory: traumatic stressors and health in war and conflict. Psychology. 2013;4(8):678\u201385.","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"4726_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.07.004","volume":"30","author":"K Robjant","year":"2010","unstructured":"Robjant K, Fazel M. The emerging evidence for narrative exposure therapy: a review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(8):1030\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"4726_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.05.006","volume":"47","author":"N Morina","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morina N, Koerssen R, Pollet TV. Interventions for children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;47:41\u201354.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"4726_CR54","first-page":"150","volume":"222","author":"TH Hoppen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hoppen TH, Morina N. The efficacy of psychological interventions for PTSD in children and adolescents exposed to single versus multiple traumas: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Psychiatry. 2023;222(4):150\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4726_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1505-7-17","volume":"7","author":"MJD Jordans","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jordans MJD, Tol WA, Susanty D, et al. Implementation of a mental health care package for children in conflict-affected settings: process evaluation across sites. Confl Health. 2013;7:17.","journal-title":"Confl Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"4726_CR56","first-page":"1","volume":"25","author":"MJD Jordans","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jordans MJD, Luitel NP, Purgato M, et al. Evidence-based mental health care in humanitarian settings: systematic review and implementation considerations. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2016;25(3):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"issue":"9711","key":"4726_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61873-0","volume":"375","author":"PB Spiegel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spiegel PB, Checchi F, Colombo S, Paik E. Health-care needs of people affected by conflict: future trends and changing frameworks. Lancet. 2010;375(9711):341\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"4726_CR58","first-page":"682","volume":"3","author":"P Ventevogel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ventevogel P, Jordan S, Eggerman M, van Ommeren M, Panter-Brick C. Child mental health in humanitarian settings: bridging research-practice gaps. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019;3(10):682\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"4726_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30096-2","volume":"4","author":"JA Naslund","year":"2017","unstructured":"Naslund JA, Aschbrenner KA, Araya R, Marsch LA, Un\u00fctzer J, Patel V, et al. Digital technology for treating and preventing mental disorders in low-income and middle-income countries: a narrative review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4:486\u2013500.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"4726_CR60","unstructured":"Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Porritt K, Pilla B, Jordan Z. editors. JBI manual for evidence synthesis. Adelaide: JBI. 2020."},{"issue":"7650","key":"4726_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4726_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray JS, Kuntz KR. Addressing the psychosocial needs of children followingdisasters. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing. 2006;11(2):133.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6155.2006.00055.x"},{"key":"4726_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.06.012","volume":"49","author":"V Patel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Patel V, Chowdhary N, Rahman A, Verdeli H. Improving access to psychological treatments: lessons from developing countries. Behav Res Ther. 2011;49:523\u20138.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"4726_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-1-2","volume":"1","author":"A Booth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Booth A, Clarke M, Dooley G, Ghersi D, Moher D, Petticrew M, et al. The nuts and bolts of PROSPERO: an international prospective register of systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2012;1:2.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"4726_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","volume":"350","author":"L Shamseer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ. 2015;350:g7647.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4726_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021","volume":"75","author":"J McGowan","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 Guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;75:40\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4726_CR67","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","year":"2019","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2019.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4726_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0688-3","volume":"13","author":"S Lewin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lewin S, Booth A, Glenton C, Munthe-Kaas H, Rashidian A, Wainwright M, et al. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings: introduction. Implement Sci. 2018;13(Suppl 1):2.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"4726_CR69","volume-title":"Doing what matters in times of stress: An illustrated guide","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Doing what matters in times of stress: An illustrated guide. Geneva: WHO; 2020."},{"key":"4726_CR70","volume-title":"Trauma-focused CBT for children and adolescents: treatment applications","author":"JA Cohen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cohen JA, Mannarino AP, Deblinger E. Trauma-focused CBT for children and adolescents: treatment applications. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2017.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"3","key":"4726_CR71","first-page":"846","volume":"81","author":"WA Tol","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tol WA, Komproe IH, Jordans MJD, Gross AL, Susanty D, Macy RD, et al. Mediators and moderators of a school-based psychosocial intervention for children affected by political violence. Child Dev. 2010;81(3):846\u201362.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"4726_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461505052670","volume":"42","author":"WA Tol","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tol WA, Jordans MJD, Regmi S, Sharma B. Cultural challenges to psychosocial counselling in Nepal. Transcult Psychiatry. 2005;42(2):317\u201333.","journal-title":"Transcult Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"4726_CR73","first-page":"195","volume":"28","author":"C Acarturk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Acarturk C, Cuijpers P, van Straten A, de Graaf R. Psychological treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees: a meta-analysis. J Trauma Stress. 2015;28(3):195\u2013202.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"4","key":"4726_CR74","first-page":"289","volume":"24","author":"WA Tol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tol WA, Komproe IH, Jordans MJD, Susanty D, Macy RD, de Jong JTVM. Connecting evidence and practice in child mental health interventions in humanitarian settings. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2011;24(4):289\u201395.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"4726_CR75","volume-title":"Strong Families Programme: implementation manual","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2017","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, World Health Organization. Strong Families Programme: implementation manual. Vienna: UNODC; 2017."},{"key":"4726_CR76","volume-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in adults","author":"American Psychological Association","year":"2017","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in adults. Washington (DC): APA; 2017."},{"key":"4726_CR77","volume-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder. NICE guideline NG116","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2018","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Post-traumatic stress disorder. NICE guideline NG116. London: NICE; 2018."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"4726_CR78","first-page":"199","volume":"6","author":"MG Wessells","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wessells MG, van Ommeren M. Developing inter-agency guidelines on mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings. Intervention. 2008;6(3\u20134):199\u2013218.","journal-title":"Intervention"},{"key":"4726_CR79","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Evidence-based treatments for trauma-related disorders in children and adolescents","author":"M Schauer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schauer M, Neuner F, Elbert T. Narrative exposure therapy for children and adolescents (KIDNET). In: Evidence-based treatments for trauma-related disorders in children and adolescents. Cham: Springer; 2025. p. 291\u2013317."}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04726-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04726-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04726-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T01:02:45Z","timestamp":1787187765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04726-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04726-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences (approval code: IR.BMSU.BAQ.RE.1404.101).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1219"}}