{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:16:09Z","timestamp":1783296969922,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["202106060034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202106060034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82402431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82402431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Panic disorder (PD) is associated with altered interoceptive experience, but it remains unclear how self-reported interoception relates to neurophysiological indices of bodily-signal processing. This study examined whether associations between self-reported interoception and resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) markers differ between participants with PD and healthy controls (HC).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This analysis included 19 PD participants and 21 HCs from a previously published resting-state EEG dataset. Self-reported interoception was assessed using the Body Perception Questionnaire-Very Short Form (BPQ-VSF) and the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA). Resting-state EEG signals were recorded during eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions. Heartbeat-evoked potentials (HEP) and relative band power (RBP) were extracted to index cardiac-related cortical processing and frequency-specific resting-state activity. Associations between self-report measures and EEG indices were examined using Pearson correlations with 95% confidence intervals, Bayes factors, and false-discovery-rate (FDR) correction across scalp regions within predefined analysis families. Age-adjusted sensitivity analyses and group\u2009\u00d7\u2009self-report interaction models were used to assess robustness and formally test group differences in association patterns.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Compared with HCs, PD participants reported higher body-focused attention and lower scores on several adaptive interoceptive dimensions, including Not-Distracting, Not-Worrying, and Trusting. In the 235\u2014301 ms HEP window, age-adjusted interaction models showed that BPQ-VSF HEP coupling differed between groups, especially under eyes-open conditions. Within-group analyses showed an exploratory opposite-direction BPQ-VSF HEP pattern, with positive associations in HC and negative associations in PD. The clearest FDR-corrected HEP association within panic disorder involved Not-Worrying under eyes closed. RBP analyses showed PD-concentrated\n \n $$\\theta$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n (theta)- and\n \n $$\\beta$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n (beta)-band association profiles. Trusting was positively associated with\n \n $$\\theta$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n power in PD, and BPQ-VSF showed positive\n \n $$\\beta$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n -band associations under eyes closed that remained robust after age adjustment. Not-Distracting showed negative\n \n $$\\theta$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n -<\/jats:italic>\n band associations in the primary correlation analyses, but these were attenuated after controlling for age.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n These findings provide preliminary FDR-controlled and age-informed evidence that PD involves altered, condition- and frequency-dependent mappings between subjective bodily experience and resting-state EEG markers. The clearest formal group-difference evidence was observed for BPQ-VSF HEP coupling, whereas PD-specific associations were most robust for Not-Worrying-HEP, Trusting-\n \n $$\\theta$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n power, and BPQ-VSF\n \n $$\\beta$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n power. Given the modest sample size and exploratory correlational design, replication in larger samples is needed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04736-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T03:45:27Z","timestamp":1778557527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between self-reported interoception and resting-state EEG markers in panic disorder: heartbeat-evoked potentials and spectral power"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ziheng","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommi","family":"K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyu","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"4736_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.12.004","volume":"3","author":"SS Khalsa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khalsa SS, Adolphs R, Cameron OG, Critchley HD, Davenport PW, Feinstein JS, et al. Interoception and mental health: a roadmap. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3(6):501\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.12.004.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"4736_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(86)90011-2","volume":"24","author":"DM Clark","year":"1986","unstructured":"Clark DM. A cognitive approach to panic. Behav Res Ther. 1986;24(4):461\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(86)90011-2.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"4736_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2014.11.004","volume":"104","author":"SN Garfinkel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garfinkel SN, Seth AK, Barrett AB, Suzuki K, Critchley HD. Knowing your own heart: distinguishing interoceptive accuracy from interoceptive awareness. Biol Psychol. 2015;104:65\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2014.11.004.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"4736_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108262","volume":"168","author":"C Suksasilp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suksasilp C, Garfinkel SN. Towards a comprehensive assessment of interoception in a multi-dimensional framework. Biol Psychol. 2022;168:108262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108262.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"4736_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104754","volume":"140","author":"KL Adams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adams KL, Edwards A, Peart C, Ellett L, Mendes I, Bird G, et al. The association between anxiety and cardiac interoceptive accuracy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;140:104754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104754.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4736_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105923","volume":"167","author":"R Clemente","year":"2024","unstructured":"Clemente R, Murphy A, Murphy J. The relationship between self-reported interoception and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;167:105923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105923.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4736_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12993-015-0058-8","volume":"11","author":"A Yoris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yoris A, Esteves S, Couto B, Melloni M, Kichic R, Cetkovich M, et al. The roles of interoceptive sensitivity and metacognitive interoception in panic. Behav Brain Funct. 2015;11(1):14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12993-015-0058-8.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"issue":"2","key":"4736_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1596","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1596","volume":"27","author":"A Cabrera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cabrera A, Kolacz J, Pailhez G, Bulbena\u2010Cabre A, Bulbena A, Porges SW. Assessing body awareness and autonomic reactivity: factor structure and psychometric properties of the body perception questionnaire\u2010short form (BPQ\u2010SF). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2018;27(2):e1596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.1596.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1708","key":"4736_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160013","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0013","volume":"371","author":"W Mehling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mehling W. Differentiating attention styles and regulatory aspects of self-reported interoceptive sensibility. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2016;371(1708):20160013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2016.0013.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"4736_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48230","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048230","volume":"7","author":"WE Mehling","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mehling WE, Price C, Daubenmier JJ, Acree M, Bartmess E, Stewart A. The multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness (MAIA). PLoS ONE. 2012;7(11):e48230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0048230.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4736_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.12.012","volume":"122","author":"MP Coll","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coll MP, Hobson H, Bird G, Murphy J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between the heartbeat-evoked potential and interoception. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;122:190\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.12.012.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"4736_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00616","volume":"10","author":"J Pang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pang J, Tang X, Li H, Hu Q, Cui H, Zhang L, et al. Altered interoceptive processing in generalized anxiety disorder-a heartbeat-evoked potential research. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00616.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"4736_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-024-01806-5","volume":"49","author":"C Verdonk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Verdonk C, Teed AR, White EJ, Ren X, Stewart JL, Paulus MP, et al. Heartbeat-evoked neural response abnormalities in generalized anxiety disorder during peripheral adrenergic stimulation. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2024;49(8):1246\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-024-01806-5.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"4736_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00521","volume":"9","author":"JJ Newson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Newson JJ, Thiagarajan TC. EEG frequency bands in psychiatric disorders: a review of resting state studies. Front Hum Neurosci. 2019;9:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00521.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"4736_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112039","volume":"352","author":"Z Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao Z, Xiong Z, Wang X, Chang Y, K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen T, Cong F. Heartbeat evoked potential and spectral analysis in patients with panic disorder during resting state. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2025;352:112039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2025.112039.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"21","key":"4736_CR16","first-page":"591","volume":"21","author":"F Edition","year":"2013","unstructured":"Edition F. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Am Psychiatric Assoc. 2013;21(21):591\u2013643.","journal-title":"Am Psychiatric Assoc"},{"key":"4736_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x","volume":"32","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1959","unstructured":"Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol. 1959;32:50\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x.","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4736_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23(1):56\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56. PubMed PMID: 14399272; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC495331.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"4736_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.11.1571","volume":"154","author":"MK Shear","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shear MK, Brown TA, Barlow DH, Money R, Sholomskas DE, Woods SW, et al. Multicenter collaborative panic disorder severity scale. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(11):1571\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.154.11.1571.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"4736_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1991.tb05506.x","volume":"83","author":"N Argyle","year":"1991","unstructured":"Argyle N, Deltito J, Allerup P, Maier W, Albus M, Nutzinger D, et al. The panic-associated symptom scale: measuring the severity of panic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991;83(1):20\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1991.tb05506.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"4736_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12147","volume":"51","author":"A Keil","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keil A, Debener S, Gratton G, Jungh\u00f6fer M, Kappenman ES, Luck SJ, et al. Committee report: publication guidelines and recommendations for studies using electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography. Psychophysiology. 2014;51(1):1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.12147.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4736_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delorme A, Makeig S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J Neurosci Methods. 2004;134(1):9\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"4736_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3720163","volume":"37","author":"TP Jung","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jung TP, Makeig S, Humphries C, Lee TW, McKEOWN MJ, Iragui V, et al. Removing electroencephalographic artifacts by blind source separation. Psychophysiology. 2000;37(2):163\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-8986.3720163.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4736_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1985.325532","volume":"BME-32","author":"J Pan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pan J, Tompkins WJ. A real-time QRS detection algorithm. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1985;BME-32(3):230\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.1985.325532.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"4736_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/TAU.1967.1161901","volume":"15","author":"P Welch","year":"1967","unstructured":"Welch P. The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: a method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms. IEEE Trans Audio Electroacoust. 1967;15(2):70\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAU.1967.1161901.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Audio Electroacoust"},{"issue":"2","key":"4736_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00056-3","volume":"29","author":"W Klimesch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Klimesch W. EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis. Brain Res Rev. 1999;29(2):169\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00056-3.","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"4736_CR27","unstructured":"Niedermeyer E, Silva FHL da. Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. 1342 p."},{"key":"4736_CR28","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Internet]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"4736_CR29","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates; 1988. 567 p."},{"key":"4736_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11.IT.3.1","DOI":"10.2466\/11.IT.3.1","volume":"3","author":"DS Kerby","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kerby DS. The simple difference formula: an approach to teaching nonparametric correlation. Compr Psychol. 2014;3:11.IT.3.1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/11.IT.3.1.","journal-title":"Compr Psychol"},{"key":"4736_CR31","unstructured":"Rouder, Jeffrey N., Morey, Richard D. BayesFactor: Computation of Bayes Factors for Common Designs. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=BayesFactor."},{"issue":"1","key":"4736_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc B. 1995;57(1):289\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x.","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc B"},{"issue":"12","key":"4736_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717003919","volume":"48","author":"A Pompoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pompoli A, Furukawa TA, Efthimiou O, Imai H, Tajika A, Salanti G. Dismantling cognitive-behaviour therapy for panic disorder: a systematic review and component network meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2018;48(12):1945\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291717003919.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04736-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04736-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04736-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:12:24Z","timestamp":1783296744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04736-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04736-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Dalian Medical University and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were fully informed about the experimental procedures and objectives and provided written informed consent before participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"977"}}