{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T04:07:15Z","timestamp":1784002035244,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"2023 National Social Science Fund Education West Project","award":["BMX230344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMX230344"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Startup Fund of Dali University","award":["KY2396123040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KY2396123040"]}]},{"name":"9th Education and Teaching Reform Project of Dali University","award":["JG09232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JG09232"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04772-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:15:49Z","timestamp":1779336949000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Classroom demands and resources and emotional labour strategies in Chinese after-school programs"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aonan","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenggang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.5.1.95","volume":"5","author":"AA Grandey","year":"2000","unstructured":"Grandey AA. Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. J Occup Health Psychol. 2000;5(1):95.","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4772_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1920.2014.00042.x","volume":"51","author":"CJ McCarthy","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCarthy CJ, Lambert RG, Reiser J. Vocational concerns of elementary teachers: Stress, job satisfaction, and occupational commitment. J Employ Couns. 2014;51(2):59\u201374.","journal-title":"J Employ Couns"},{"key":"4772_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2019.102077","volume":"70","author":"R Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang R, You X, Zhang Y, Lian L, Feng W. Teachers\u2019 mental health becoming worse: the case of China. Int J Educational Dev. 2019;70:102077.","journal-title":"Int J Educational Dev"},{"key":"4772_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambert RG, McCarthy CJ, O\u2019Donnell M, Melendres LTeacher stress and classroom structural characteristics in elementary setting. In: Gates G, Wolverton M, Gmelch W, editor. Emerging thought and research on students, teacher, and administrator stress and coping. Greenwich, CT: Information Age; 2007. p. 109\u2013131.","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-60752-604-920251009"},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR5","first-page":"63","volume":"10","author":"Q Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Q, Luo X, Yang J. Understanding China\u2019s Double Reduction Policy on Educational Economy. Global Economic Observer. 2022;10(1):63\u20139.","journal-title":"Global Economic Observer"},{"key":"4772_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420452","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1420452","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhong Y, Lai S, Li Y, Yang K, Tang H, Zhang XY. Burnout and its relationship with depressive symptoms in primary school teachers under the Double Reduction policy in China. Front Public Health. 2025;12:1420452.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.54254\/2753-7048\/7\/20220875","volume":"7","author":"Y Yin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yin Y. The Dilemmas and Causes of After-School Tutoring Under China\u2019s Double Reduction Policy. Lecture Notes Educ Psychol Public Media. 2023;7(1):338\u201344.","journal-title":"Lecture Notes Educ Psychol Public Media"},{"key":"4772_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-019-01188-8","volume":"49","author":"AM Lester","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lester AM, Chow JC, Melton TN. Quality is critical for meaningful synthesis of afterschool program effects: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Youth Adolesc. 2020;49:369\u201382.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"4772_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12330","volume":"63","author":"AF Farrell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farrell AF, Collier-Meek MA, Furman MJ. Supporting out\u2010of\u2010school time staff in low resource communities: A professional development approach. Am J Community Psychol. 2019;63(3\u20134):378\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"4772_CR10","volume-title":"Student and Teacher Mental Health and Well-Being in Schools. Curriculum and School Development in Asia","author":"TM Sze","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sze TM, Bao Y. Chinese Collectivistic Cultural Values, Teachers\u2019 Stress and Coping Strategies. In: Lee JCK, Chen J, editors. Student and Teacher Mental Health and Well-Being in Schools. Curriculum and School Development in Asia. Volume 1. Singapore: Springer; 2025."},{"issue":"10","key":"4772_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.20438","volume":"46","author":"RG Lambert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lambert RG, McCarthy C, O\u2019Donnell M, Wang C. Measuring elementary teacher stress and coping in the classroom: Validity evidence for the classroom appraisal of resources and demands. Psychol Sch. 2009;46(10):973\u201388.","journal-title":"Psychol Sch"},{"key":"4772_CR12","volume-title":"Stress, appraisal, and coping","author":"RS Lazarus","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer; 1984."},{"key":"4772_CR13","unstructured":"Lazarus R, Cohen-Charash Y. Discrete emotions in organizational life. In: Payne R, Cooper C, editor. Emotions at work: Theory, research and applications for management. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2003. p. 45\u201385."},{"key":"4772_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.14507\/epaa.v23.1792","volume":"23","author":"RG Lambert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lambert RG, McCarthy CJ, Fitchett PG, Lineback S, Reiser J. Identification of elementary teachers\u2019 risk for stress and vocational concerns using the national schools and staffing survey. Educ Policy Anal Archives. 2015;23:43\u201343.","journal-title":"Educ Policy Anal Archives"},{"issue":"3","key":"4772_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1086\/592308","volume":"109","author":"CJ McCarthy","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCarthy CJ, Lambert RG, O\u2019Donnell M, Melendres LT. The relation of elementary teachers\u2019 experience, stress, and coping resources to burnout symptoms. Elementary School J. 2009;109(3):282\u2013300.","journal-title":"Elementary School J"},{"key":"4772_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/00131910120033628","volume":"53","author":"C Kyriacou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kyriacou C. Teacher stress: Directions for future research. Educational Rev. 2001;53:27\u201335.","journal-title":"Educational Rev"},{"key":"4772_CR17","volume-title":"The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling","author":"AR Hochschild","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hochschild AR. The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1983."},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2005.07.002","volume":"22","author":"L Isenbarger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Isenbarger L, Zembylas M. The emotional labour of caring in teaching. Teach teacher Educ. 2006;22(1):120\u201334.","journal-title":"Teach teacher Educ"},{"key":"4772_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-016-9359-5","volume":"19","author":"M Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee M, Pekrun R, Taxer JL, Schutz PA, Vogl E, Xie X. Teachers\u2019 emotions and emotion management: Integrating emotion regulation theory with emotional labor research. Soc Psychol Educ. 2016;19:843\u201363.","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Educ"},{"key":"4772_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zembylas M. Teacher emotions in the context of educational reforms. In: Hargreaves A, Lieberman A, Fullan M, Hopkins D, editors. Second international handbook of educational change. Dordrecht: Springer; 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-90-481-2660-6_13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2660-6_13"},{"issue":"2","key":"4772_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2004.02.001","volume":"66","author":"JM Diefendorff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Diefendorff JM, Croyle MH, Gosserand RH. The dimensionality and antecedents of emotional labor strategies. J Vocat Behav. 2005;66(2):339\u201357.","journal-title":"J Vocat Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111400","volume":"2","author":"AA Grandey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grandey AA, Gabriel AS. Emotional labor at a crossroads: Where do we go from here? Annu Rev Organ Psychol Organ Behav. 2015;2(1):323\u201349.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Organ Psychol Organ Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2006.11.008","volume":"24","author":"KE O\u2019Connor","year":"2008","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor KE. You choose to care: Teachers, emotions and professional identity. Teach teacher Educ. 2008;24(1):117\u201326.","journal-title":"Teach teacher Educ"},{"key":"4772_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5771\/9781461649199","volume-title":"Good day, bad day: Teaching as a high-wire act","author":"K Winograd","year":"2005","unstructured":"Winograd K. Good day, bad day: Teaching as a high-wire act. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Education; 2005."},{"issue":"2","key":"4772_CR25","first-page":"205","volume":"11","author":"EL Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown EL, Horner CG, Kerr MM, Scanlon CL. United States teachers\u2019 emotional labor and professional identities. KEDI J Educational Policy. 2014;11(2):205\u201325.","journal-title":"KEDI J Educational Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"4772_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-004-4229-y","volume":"7","author":"RE Sutton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sutton RE. Emotional regulation goals and strategies of teachers. Soc Psychol Educ. 2004;7(4):379\u201398.","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Educ"},{"key":"4772_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.03.356","volume":"127","author":"C Truta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Truta C. Emotional labor and motivation in teachers. Procedia-Social Behav Sciences. 2014;127:791\u20135.","journal-title":"Procedia-Social Behav Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00005.x","volume":"1","author":"IB Mauss","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mauss IB, Bunge SA, Gross JJ. Automatic emotion regulation. Soc Pers Psychol Compass. 2007;1(1):146\u201367.","journal-title":"Soc Pers Psychol Compass"},{"issue":"8","key":"4772_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1002\/job.617","volume":"30","author":"SL Chau","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chau SL, Dahling JJ, Levy PE, Diefendorff JM. A predictive study of emotional labor and turnover. J organizational Behav. 2009;30(8):1151\u201363.","journal-title":"J organizational Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"4772_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.03.001","volume":"79","author":"RE Goodwin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goodwin RE, Groth M, Frenkel SJ. Relationships between emotional labor, job performance, and turnover. J Vocat Behav. 2011;79(2):538\u201348.","journal-title":"J Vocat Behav"},{"key":"4772_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265536","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1265536","volume":"14","author":"N Ao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ao N, Zhang S, Tian G, Zhu X, Kang X. Exploring teacher wellbeing in educational reforms: A Chinese perspective. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1265536.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"4772_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392965","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1392965","volume":"15","author":"L Lai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lai L, Shi W, Xie Y, Zhao J. Factors influencing the generation of teachers\u2019 emotions. Front Psychol. 2024;15:1392965.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"4772_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-009-9106-y","volume":"21","author":"ML Chang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chang ML. An appraisal perspective of teacher burnout: Examining the emotional work of teachers. Educational Psychol Rev. 2009;21:193\u2013218.","journal-title":"Educational Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370701264685","volume":"21","author":"G Bradley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bradley G. Job tenure as a moderator of stressor\u2013strain relations: A comparison of experienced and new-start teachers. Work Stress. 2007;21(1):48\u201364.","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"4772_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312038003499","volume":"38","author":"RM Ingersoll","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ingersoll RM. Teacher turnover and teacher shortages: An organizational analysis. Am Educ Res J. 2001;38(3):499\u2013534.","journal-title":"Am Educ Res J"},{"key":"4772_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-60752-523-320251008","volume":"111","author":"R Lambert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lambert R, O\u2019Donnell M, Kusherman J, McCarthy CJ. Teacher stress and classroom structural characteristics in preschool settings. Underst teacher stress age Account. 2006;111:105\u201320.","journal-title":"Underst teacher stress age Account"},{"issue":"9","key":"4772_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.22053","volume":"54","author":"J Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wang C, Lambert R, Wu C, Wen H. Validity evidence for the Chinese version Classroom Appraisal of Resources and Demands (CARD). Psychol Sch. 2017;54(9):1079\u201393.","journal-title":"Psychol Sch"},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/03634529209378869","volume":"41","author":"SM Starnaman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Starnaman SM, Miller KI. A test of a causal model of communication and burnout in the teaching profession. Communication Educ. 1992;41(1):40\u201353.","journal-title":"Communication Educ"},{"key":"4772_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940710733115","volume":"22","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bakker AB, Demerouti E. The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. J Managerial Psychol. 2007;22:309\u201328.","journal-title":"J Managerial Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4772_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.3.513","volume":"44","author":"SE Hobfoll","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hobfoll SE. Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. Am Psychol. 1989;44(3):513.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"4772_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-60752-604-920251008","volume-title":"Emerging thought and research on student, teacher, and administrator stress and coping","author":"HA Everaert","year":"2007","unstructured":"Everaert HA, van der Wolf JC. Teachers\u2019 stress and gender perceptions of challenging student behaviour. In: Gates GS, editor. Emerging thought and research on student, teacher, and administrator stress and coping. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing; 2007. pp. 93\u2013107."},{"issue":"4","key":"4772_CR42","first-page":"333","volume":"19","author":"A Ullrich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ullrich A, Lambert RG, McCarthy CJ. Relationship of German elementary teachers\u2019 occupational experience, stress, and coping resources to burnout symptoms. Int Journal Stress Management. 2012;19(4):333.","journal-title":"Int Journal Stress Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/03634520701586310","volume":"57","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Zhu W. Exploring emotion in teaching: Emotional labor, burnout, and satisfaction in Chinese higher education. Communication Educ. 2008;57(1):105\u201322.","journal-title":"Communication Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"4772_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014695","volume":"101","author":"AC Frenzel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frenzel AC, Goetz T, L\u00fcdtke O, Pekrun R, Sutton RE. Emotional transmission in the classroom: exploring the relationship between teacher and student enjoyment. J Educ Psychol. 2009;101(3):705.","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"4772_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611941","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1611941","volume":"16","author":"F Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang F. Surface vs. deep acting in EFL instruction: mediating and moderating roles of emotion regulation and intelligence in burnout. Front Psychol. 2025;16:1611941.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/jcad.12536","volume":"103","author":"H Lim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lim H, Lee TJ, Weng C, Lee SM. Effects of surface acting on exhaustion of Korean school counselors. J Couns Dev. 2025;103(1):49\u201359.","journal-title":"J Couns Dev"},{"issue":"10","key":"4772_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12505","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121012505","volume":"12","author":"X Yao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yao X, Yao M, Zong X, Li Y, Li X, Guo F, Cui G. How school climate influences teachers\u2019 emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of emotional labor. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(10):12505\u201317.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4772_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2017.04.006","volume":"66","author":"H Yin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yin H, Huang S, &LiLee JCK. Choose your strategy wisely: Examining the relationships between emotional labor in teaching and teacher efficacy in Hong Kong primary schools. Teach teacher Educ. 2017;66:127\u201336.","journal-title":"Teach teacher Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"4772_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021003","volume":"15","author":"UR H\u00fclsheger","year":"2010","unstructured":"H\u00fclsheger UR, Lang JW, Maier GW. Emotional labor, strain, and performance: Testing reciprocal relationships in a longitudinal panel study. J Occup Health Psychol. 2010;15(4):505.","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4772_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s12646-011-0107-9","volume":"56","author":"J Karim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karim J, Weisz R. Emotional intelligence as a moderator of affectivity\/emotional labor and emotional labor\/psychological distress relationships. Psychol Stud. 2011;56(4):348\u201359.","journal-title":"Psychol Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"4772_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.2015.1091764","volume":"142","author":"FY Cheung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cheung FY, Lun VMC. Relation between emotional labor and organizational citizenship behavior: An investigation among Chinese teaching professionals. J Gen Psychol. 2015;142(4):253\u201372.","journal-title":"J Gen Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4772_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1080\/13540602.2014.995482","volume":"21","author":"H Yin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yin H. The effect of teachers\u2019 emotional labour on teaching satisfaction: Moderation of emotional intelligence. Teachers Teach. 2015;21(7):789\u2013810.","journal-title":"Teachers Teach"},{"key":"4772_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s13384-013-0138-4","volume":"41","author":"U Akin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akin U, Ayd\u0131n \u0130, Erdo\u011fan \u00c7, Demirkas\u0131mo\u011flu N. Emotional labor and burnout among Turkish primary school teachers. Australian Educational Researcher. 2014;41:155\u201369.","journal-title":"Australian Educational Researcher"},{"key":"4772_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00151","volume":"13","author":"Y Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu Y, Wu W, Mei G, Zhao S, Zhou H, Li D, Pan D. Surface acting or deep acting, who need more effortful? A study on emotional labor using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Front Hum Neurosci. 2019;13:151.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"4772_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.2478\/s13382-013-0123-1","volume":"26","author":"M Wr\u00f3bel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wr\u00f3bel M. Can empathy lead to emotional exhaustion in teachers? The mediating role of emotional labor. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2013;26:581\u201392.","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"4772_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13090907","volume":"13","author":"H Yin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yin H, Huang S,Wang W. Work environment charactgeristics and teacher well-being: The mediation of emotion regulation strategies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(9):907.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4772_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2015.03.003","volume":"49","author":"JL Taxer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Taxer JL, Frenzel AC. Facets of teachers\u2019 emotional lives: A quantitative investigation of teachers\u2019 genuine, faked, and hidden emotions. Teach teacher Educ. 2015;49:78\u201388.","journal-title":"Teach teacher Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.2001.1815","volume":"60","author":"CM Brotheridge","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brotheridge CM, Grandey AA. Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of people work. J Vocat Behav. 2002;60(1):17\u201339.","journal-title":"J Vocat Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"4772_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654310377086","volume":"80","author":"EA Patall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Patall EA, Cooper H, Allen AB. Extending the school day or school year: A systematic review of research (1985\u20132009). Rev Educ Res. 2010;80(3):401\u201336.","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"key":"4772_CR60","first-page":"17","volume":"12","author":"K Hynes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hynes K, Sanders F. The Changing Landscape of Afterschool Programs. Afterschool Matters. 2010;12:17\u201327.","journal-title":"Afterschool Matters"},{"issue":"3","key":"4772_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215824402513455","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440251345577","volume":"15","author":"Y Gan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gan Y. Impact of Workload on the Performance of Junior High School Teachers Under China\u2019s Double Reduction. Policy SAGE Open. 2025;15(3):21582440251345577.","journal-title":"Policy SAGE Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0893318997111002","volume":"11","author":"KJ Krone","year":"1997","unstructured":"Krone KJ, Chen L, Sloan DK, Gallant LM. Managerial emotionality in Chinese factories. Manage Communication Q. 1997;11(1):6\u201350.","journal-title":"Manage Communication Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"4772_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/03634520600565811","volume":"55","author":"ST Mortenson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mortenson ST. Cultural differences and similarities in seeking social support as a response to academic failure: A comparison of American and Chinese college students. Communication Educ. 2006;55(2):127\u201346.","journal-title":"Communication Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X17719559","volume":"25","author":"YH Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee YH. Emotional labor, teacher burnout, and turnover intention in high-school physical education teaching. Eur Phys Educ Rev. 2019;25(1):236\u201353.","journal-title":"Eur Phys Educ Rev"},{"key":"4772_CR65","unstructured":"Birmingham J, Pechman EM, Russell CA, Mielke M. Shared Features of High-Performing After-School Programs: A Follow-Up to the TASC Evaluation. Policy Studies Associates, Inc; 2005."},{"key":"4772_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105537","volume":"119","author":"S Colvin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colvin S, White AM, Akiva T, Wardrip PS. What do you think youth workers do? A comparative case study of library and afterschool workers. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;119:105537.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.5195\/jyd.2020.812","volume":"15","author":"M Wilkens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilkens M. Employee churn in after-school care: Manager influences on retention and turnover. J Youth Dev. 2020;15(1):94\u2013121.","journal-title":"J Youth Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"4772_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543076002275","volume":"76","author":"PA Lauer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lauer PA, Akiba M, Wilkerson SB, Apthorp HS, Snow D, Martin-Glenn ML. Out-of-school-time programs: A meta-analysis of effects for at-risk students. Rev Educ Res. 2006;76(2):275\u2013313.","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4772_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5195\/jyd.2009.250","volume":"4","author":"JL Mahoney","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mahoney JL, Parente ME, Zigler EF. Afterschool programs in America: Origins, growth, popularity, and politics. J Youth Dev. 2009;4(3):23\u201342.","journal-title":"J Youth Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"4772_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2012.674488","volume":"32","author":"H Yin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yin H. Adaptation and validation of the teacher emotional labour strategy scale in China. Educational Psychol. 2012;32(4):451\u201365.","journal-title":"Educational Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4772_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1080\/13540602.2019.1688288","volume":"25","author":"L Bj\u00f6rk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk L, Steng\u00e5rd J, S\u00f6derberg M, Andersson E, Wastensson G. Beginning teachers\u2019 work satisfaction, self-efficacy and willingness to stay in the profession: a question of job demands-resources balance? Teachers Teach. 2019;25(8):955\u201371.","journal-title":"Teachers Teach"},{"issue":"3","key":"4772_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2019.1674249","volume":"40","author":"J Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han J, Yin H, Wang J, Zhang J. Job demands and resources as antecedents of university teachers\u2019 exhaustion, engagement and job satisfaction. Educational Psychol. 2020;40(3):318\u201335.","journal-title":"Educational Psychol"},{"key":"4772_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu H, Li X, Yan Y. (2023). Demystifying the predictive role of students\u2019 perceived foreign language teacher support in foreign language anxiety: The mediation of L2 grit. J Multiling Multicult Dev. 2025;46(4):1095\u20131108.","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2023.2223171"},{"issue":"5","key":"4772_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-018-9464-8","volume":"21","author":"EM Skaalvik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Skaalvik EM, Skaalvik S. Job demands and job resources as predictors of teacher motivation and well-being. Soc Psychol Educ. 2018;21(5):1251\u201375.","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"4772_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/21683603.2019.1570885","volume":"7","author":"E Clark","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clark E, Zhou Z, Du L. Autism in China: Progress and challenges in addressing the needs of children and families. Int J School Educational Psychol. 2019;7(2):135\u201346.","journal-title":"Int J School Educational Psychol"},{"key":"4772_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1722-6","volume":"43","author":"AX Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang AX, Jia M, Wheeler JJ. Children with autism in the People\u2019s Republic of China: Diagnosis, legal issues, and educational services. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43:1991\u20132001.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"4772_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.7.1.57","volume":"7","author":"CM Brotheridge","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brotheridge CM, Lee RT. Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. J Occup Health Psychol. 2002;7(1):57.","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"key":"4772_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2021.102660","volume":"103","author":"JM Dewaele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dewaele JM, Wu A. Predicting the emotional labor strategies of Chinese English Foreign Language teachers. System. 2021;103:102660.","journal-title":"System"},{"issue":"8","key":"4772_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1080\/13540602.2018.1508432","volume":"24","author":"X Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng X, Yin H, Wang M. Leading with teachers\u2019 emotional labour: relationships between leadership practices, emotional labour strategies and efficacy in China. Teachers Teach. 2018;24(8):965\u201379.","journal-title":"Teachers Teach"},{"issue":"3","key":"4772_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12114","volume":"51","author":"M Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li M, Wang Z. Emotional labour strategies as mediators of the relationship between public service motivation and job satisfaction in Chinese teachers. Int J Psychol. 2016;51(3):177\u201384.","journal-title":"Int J Psychol"},{"key":"4772_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00519","volume":"11","author":"X Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng X, Shi X, Liu Y. Leading teachers\u2019 emotions like parents: Relationships between paternalistic leadership, emotional labor and teacher commitment in China. Front Psychol. 2020;11:519.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"4772_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2023.103093","volume":"116","author":"W Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng W, Liu Y, Peng JE. Feeling and acting in classroom teaching: The relationships between teachers\u2019 emotional labor, commitment, and well-being. System. 2023;116:103093.","journal-title":"System"},{"key":"4772_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"XueE, Li J. Shaping the \u201dSchool-Family-Society\u201d cooperative education system in China. In: Creating a high-quality education policy system. Singapore: Springer; 2021. p. 11\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-16-3276-1_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-3276-1_2"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04772-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04772-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04772-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:58:47Z","timestamp":1784001527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04772-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04772-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were approved and were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board of School of Teacher Education, Dali University (Reference Number: 20231202), which is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All the participants provided written consent before their data collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1041"}}