{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:03:42Z","timestamp":1784073822652,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04782-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T14:24:12Z","timestamp":1779373452000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Male survivors of childhood sexual abuse: perceived social support as a correlate of imposter phenomenon \u2014 an exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2590-8544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shubham","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5578-9083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seema","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4380-950X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanika","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"4782_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0000165-000.","DOI":"10.1037\/0000165-000"},{"key":"4782_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borinca I, Stathi S, Gkinopoulos T. Ameliorating war's shadows: The role of war-related memories and meta-humanization on intergroup reconciliation. Personal Soc Psychol Bull. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01461672251338559.","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672251338559"},{"key":"4782_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05364-1","volume":"35","author":"DM Bravata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bravata DM, Watts SA, Keefer AL, et al. Prevalence, predictors, and treatment of impostor syndrome: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35:1252\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-019-05364-1.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4782_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1177\/0976343020140212","volume":"14","author":"DK Carson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carson DK, Foster JM, Chowdhury A. Sexual abuse of children and youth in India. Orient Anthropol. 2014;14(2):343\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0976343020140212.","journal-title":"Orient Anthropol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4782_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1037\/h0086006","volume":"15","author":"PR Clance","year":"1978","unstructured":"Clance PR, Imes SA. The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: dynamics and therapeutic intervention. Psychotherapy Chic. 1978;15(3):241\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0086006.","journal-title":"Psychotherapy Chic"},{"key":"4782_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clance PR.\u00a0Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS). APA psyctests. 1985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t11274-000.","DOI":"10.1037\/t11274-000"},{"key":"4782_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge; 1988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203771587.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"4782_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cokley K, Smith L, Bernard D, Hurst A, Jackson S, Stone S, Awosogba O, Saucer C, Bailey M, Roberts D. Impostor feelings as a moderator and mediator of the relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health among racial\/ethnic minority college students. J Couns Psychol. 2017;64(2):141\u2013154.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cou0000198.","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000198"},{"key":"4782_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De M, Bhattacharya S, Mukherjee D, Acharya R, Mondal S. Prevalence of imposter phenomenon and its correlates among undergraduate medical students of a government medical college, West Bengal, India. Asian J Medl Sci. 2024;15(4):99\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3126\/ajms.v15i4.60976.","DOI":"10.3126\/ajms.v15i4.60976"},{"key":"4782_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.4236\/aasoci.2022.1211052","volume":"12","author":"I Dragan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dragan I, Isaic-Maniu A. An original solution for completing research through snowball sampling\u2014handicapping method. Adv Appl Sociol. 2022;12:729\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/aasoci.2022.1211052.","journal-title":"Adv Appl Sociol"},{"key":"4782_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dukett JD. Childhood sexual abuse and identity development: the role of attachment and self-esteem.\u00a0Theses and Dissertations. 391;2015, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30707\/ETD2015.Dukett.J.","DOI":"10.30707\/ETD2015.Dukett.J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4782_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211032213","volume":"24","author":"ER Dworkin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dworkin ER, Jaffe AE, Bedard-Gilligan M, Fitzpatrick S. PTSD in the year following sexual assault: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Trauma Viol Abuse. 2023;24(2):497\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380211032213.","journal-title":"Trauma Viol Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"4782_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034223","volume":"15","author":"SD Easton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Easton SD, Saltzman LY, Willis DG. \u201cWould you tell under circumstances like that?\u201d: Barriers to disclosure of child sexual abuse for men. Psychol Men Masculinity. 2014;15(4):460\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0034223.","journal-title":"Psychol Men Masculinity"},{"key":"4782_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Englar-Carlson M, Stevens MA. (Eds.).\u00a0In the room with men: A casebook of therapeutic change.\u00a0Am Psychol Association.\u00a02006 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/11411-000.","DOI":"10.1037\/11411-000"},{"issue":"1","key":"4782_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s44192-025-00347-7","volume":"5","author":"M Fatima","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fatima M, Qamar M, Irfan H, Malik H, Batool F, Shahzad J, et al. Examining the role of social support in imposter phenomenon among medical students through mediation and moderation analysis of anxiety and stress. Discov Ment Health. 2025;5(1):207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44192-025-00347-7.","journal-title":"Discov Ment Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4782_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"4782_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559505276686","volume":"10","author":"C Feiring","year":"2005","unstructured":"Feiring C, Taska LS. The persistence of shame following sexual abuse: a longitudinal look at risk and recovery. Child Maltreat. 2005;10(4):337\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559505276686.","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"4782_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764030","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.764030","volume":"12","author":"M Fleischhauer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fleischhauer M, Wossidlo J, Michael L, Enge S. The impostor phenomenon: toward a better understanding of the nomological network and gender differences. Front Psychol. 2021;12:764030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.764030.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4782_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.11.023","volume":"44","author":"BF French","year":"2008","unstructured":"French BF, Ullrich-French SC, Follman D. The psychometric properties of the Clance Impostor Scale. Pers Individ Dif. 2008;44(5):1270\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2007.11.023.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"4782_CR20","unstructured":"Freyd JJ. Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 1996."},{"issue":"5","key":"4782_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032452","volume":"6","author":"RL Gobin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gobin RL, Freyd JJ. The impact of betrayal trauma on the tendency to trust. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. 2014;6(5):505\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0032452.","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy"},{"issue":"S2","key":"4782_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8077","DOI":"10.53730\/ijhs.v6ns2.7015","volume":"6","author":"S Goswami","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goswami S, Ghosh S. Role of psycho-social variables in dealing with trauma of child sexual abuse. Int J Health Sci. 2022;6(S2):8077\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53730\/ijhs.v6ns2.7015.","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci"},{"key":"4782_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Joseph AJ, Abraham J. Imposter syndrome: Worth your while. Intern J Res Scient Innov (IJRSI). 2025;12(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51244\/IJRSI.2025.12040080.","DOI":"10.51244\/IJRSI.2025.12040080"},{"issue":"1","key":"4782_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/088626050528160","volume":"21","author":"B Liang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liang B, Williams LM, Siegel JA. Relational outcomes of childhood sexual trauma in female survivors. J Interpers Viol. 2005;21(1):42\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/088626050528160.","journal-title":"J Interpers Viol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4782_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/26318318231221948","volume":"5","author":"BK Manukrishnan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manukrishnan BK. Surviving childhood sexual abuse: a qualitative study of the long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse on adult women\u2019s mental health. J Psychosex Health. 2023;5(4):253\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/26318318231221948.","journal-title":"J Psychosex Health"},{"key":"4782_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meghrajani VR, Marathe M, Sharma R, Potdukhe A, Wanjari MB, Taksande AB. A Comprehensive analysis of mental health problems in india and the role of mental asylums.\u00a0Cureus. 2023;15(7);e42559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.42559.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.42559"},{"issue":"1","key":"4782_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2009.12.001","volume":"3","author":"CG Ng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ng CG, Amer Siddiq AN, Aida SA, Zainal NZ, Koh OH. Validation of the Malay version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS-M) among a group of medical students in Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya. Asian J Psychiatr. 2010;3(1):3\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2009.12.001.","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"4782_CR28","unstructured":"Orriola J. Shame, perceived social support, and PTSD: differences between male and female sexual assault survivors [Master\u2019s thesis]. Bowling Green (KY): Western Kentucky University; 2017. Topscholar. Available from: https:\/\/digitalcommons.wku.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?Article=4529&context=theses."},{"key":"4782_CR29","unstructured":"Ozbay F, Johnson DC, Dimoulas E, Morgan CA, Charney D, Southwick S. Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice.\u00a0Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa.: Township)). 2007;4(5);35\u201340. PMID: 20806028; PMCID: PMC2921311."},{"issue":"1","key":"4782_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/01406720500537304","volume":"29","author":"A Parker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parker A, Tritter J. Focus group method and methodology: current practice and recent debate. Int J Res Method Educ. 2006;29(1):23\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01406720500537304.","journal-title":"Int J Res Method Educ"},{"key":"4782_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01289","volume":"8","author":"A Patzak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patzak A, Kollmayer M, Schober B. Buffering impostor feelings with kindness: the mediating role of self\u2011compassion between gender\u2011role orientation and the impostor phenomenon. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01289.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"4782_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rechenberg T, Schomerus G. The stronger and the weaker sex - gender differences in the perception of individuals who experienced physical and sexual violence in childhood. A scoping review. Child Abuse Neglect. 2023;140:106131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106131.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106131"},{"issue":"1","key":"4782_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.14456\/ijbs.2011.6","volume":"6","author":"J Sakulku","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sakulku J. The impostor phenomenon. J Behav Sci. 2011;6(1):75\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14456\/ijbs.2011.6.","journal-title":"J Behav Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4782_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1177\/00957984241309166","volume":"51","author":"SM Sanders","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sanders SM, Williams TR, Gao F, Muwele C, Mitchell JM, Mitchell T. The relationship between the impostor phenomenon and mental health in Black graduate students: examining moderating effects of perceived social support. J Black Psychol. 2025;51(4):451\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00957984241309166.","journal-title":"J Black Psychol"},{"key":"4782_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma A. Men survivors\u2019 perspectives on impact of child sexual abuse. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2022;137:106485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2022.106485.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2022.106485"},{"key":"4782_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith CP, Freyd JJ. Institutional Betrayal. Am Psychol. 2014;69:575-87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0037564.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037564"},{"key":"4782_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steine IM, Winje D, Krystal JH, Milde AM, Bjorvatn B, Nordhus IH, Gr\u00f8nli J, Pallesen, S. Longitudinal relationships between perceived social support and symptom outcomes: findings from a sample of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse Neglect. 2020;107:104566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104566.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104566"},{"issue":"2","key":"4782_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_195_17","volume":"59","author":"VKS Subramaniyan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Subramaniyan VKS, Reddy P, Chandra G, Rao C, Rao TSS. Silence of male child sexual abuse in India: qualitative analysis of barriers for seeking psychiatric help in a multidisciplinary unit in a general hospital. Indian J Psychiatry. 2017;59(2):202\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_195_17.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"4782_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD011257","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011257.pub2","volume":"12","author":"A Suomi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suomi A, Evans L, Rodgers B, Taplin S, Cowlishaw S. Couple and family therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;12(12):CD011257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD011257.pub2.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4782_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2552532","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2025.2552532","volume":"16","author":"S Talwar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Talwar S, Kennerley H, Jadhav S, Killaspy H, Sagar R, Appleton R, et al. \u201cSometimes I cry with that child\u201d: experiences and views of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse on psychosocial treatment and support in India. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2025;16(1):2552532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008066.2025.2552532.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4782_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14707\/ajbr.250186","volume":"15","author":"H Ting","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ting H, Memon MA, Thurasamy R, Cheah J-H. Snowball sampling: a review and guidelines for survey research. Asian J Bus Res. 2025;15(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14707\/ajbr.250186.","journal-title":"Asian J Bus Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4782_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21624","volume":"42","author":"SE Ullman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ullman SE, Peter-Hagene L. Social reactions to sexual assault disclosure, coping, perceived control and PTSD symptoms in sexual assault victims. J Community Psychol. 2014;42(4):495\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcop.21624.","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"key":"4782_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wei Z, Li Y, Liu L, Wu X, Qiao Z, Wang W. You are worth it: Social support buffered the relation between impostor syndrome and suicidal ideation. J Pacific Rim Psychol. 2024;18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/18344909241228471.","DOI":"10.1177\/18344909241228471"},{"issue":"1","key":"4782_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2","volume":"52","author":"GD Zimet","year":"1988","unstructured":"Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52(1):30\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04782-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04782-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04782-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T23:11:15Z","timestamp":1784070675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04782-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-04782-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-9357702\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the Helsinki Declaration. This research was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Ethics Committee at Amity University.Informed consent from participants was obtained prior to data collection, as recommended by the American Psychological Association [1].","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1045"}}