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Previous studies have shown that LBC are more prone to develop insecure parental attachments and tend to adopt maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, both established predictors of depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Investigate the specific pathways through which attachment and emotion regulation mediate the impact of left-behind experiences on depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants and setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In three middle schools in Qiqihar, a total of 1,125 children aged 12\u201317 were sampled, including 573 LBC and 552 non\u2011left\u2011behind children (NLBC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The questionnaire survey includes a Left-behind Status Questionnaire, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA), and the Children\u2019s Depression Inventory (CDI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) LBC scored significantly lower than NLBC in maternal attachment, paternal attachment, and cognitive reappraisal, while scoring significantly higher in expressive suppression and depression; (2) LBC showed network structure distinct from NLBC, with maternal attachment showing lower centrality and weaker coupling with paternal attachment; (3) LBC with both parents absent showed network structure and global strength distinct from NLBC, along with weaker maternal-paternal attachment correlation; (4) all four mediating pathways exhibited significant chain effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) Left-behind experiences are associated with weakened parent-child attachment, reduced cognitive reappraisal, increased expressive suppression, and a heightened risk of depression; (2) In LBC, maternal attachment shows lower centrality, and the coupling between maternal and paternal attachment is significantly weaker, indicating a less coordinated parental attachment system. (3) The absence of both parents has a far greater effect on reshaping children\u2019s psychological networks than the absence of the father alone. (4) parent-child attachment and emotion regulation mediated the association between left-behind experiences and depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-04848-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T01:55:16Z","timestamp":1779933316000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Depression in left-behind children: a network analysis and chained mediation of attachment and emotion regulation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kemeng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewen","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4848_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.12.015","volume":"204","author":"M Shuang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shuang M, Yiqing W, Ling J, Guanzhen O, Jing G, Zhiyong Q, et al. 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