{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T02:03:37Z","timestamp":1789351417869,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":77,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-05049-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T23:33:54Z","timestamp":1782689634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perceived reasons for violence toward family caregivers by relatives with schizophrenia in Eastern Turkey: a qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9488-3590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakine","family":"Aktas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6529-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Cihad","family":"Aktas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6326-2177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cemile Hurrem","family":"Ayhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"5049_CR1","unstructured":"Organization World Health W. Schizophrenia. 2022;:https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/s. Access Date: 25\/02\/2025."},{"key":"5049_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mikaeili N, Naeim M, Narimani M. Mapping the Scientific Landscape of Schizophrenia Genetics (2020\u20132025): A Bibliometric and Scientometric Study of Global Trends and Collaborations. Brain Behav. 2026;16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.71171.","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71171"},{"key":"5049_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7355","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S559626","volume":"18","author":"N Mikaeili","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mikaeili N, Naeim M, Narimani M. Reimagining Mental Health with Artificial Intelligence: Early Detection, Personalized Care, and a Preventive Ecosystem. J Multidisciplinary Healthc. 2025;18:7355\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JMDH.S559626.","journal-title":"J Multidisciplinary Healthc"},{"key":"5049_CR4","first-page":"306","volume":"128","author":"T Short","year":"2013","unstructured":"Short T, Thomas S, Mullen P, Ogloff JRP. Comparing violence in schizophrenia patients with and without comorbid substance-use disorders to community controls. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;128:306\u201313.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"5049_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640221132706","volume":"69","author":"TA Okasha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Okasha TA, Omar AN, Elserafy D, Serry S, Rabie ES. Violence in relation to cognitive deficits and symptom severity in a sample of Egyptian patients with schizophrenia. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2023;69:689\u201399.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"5049_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1833-5","volume":"18","author":"C Brain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brain C, Kymes S, DiBenedetti DB, Brevig T, Velligan DI. Experiences, attitudes, and perceptions of caregivers of individuals with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18:1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"5049_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.144485","volume":"206","author":"K Witt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Witt K, Lichtenstein P, Fazel S. Improving risk assessment in schizophrenia: epidemiological investigation of criminal history factors. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206:424\u201330.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"5049_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2009.10.013","volume":"182","author":"Y Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang Y, Raine A, Han C-B, Schug RA, Toga AW, Narr KL. Reduced hippocampal and parahippocampal volumes in murderers with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2010;182:9\u201313.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"5049_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15344\/2394-4978\/2016\/182","volume":"3","author":"H-M Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang H-M, Jen Y-C, Lien Y-F. Stigma experienced by caregivers of patients with schizophrenia: A qualitative study. Int J Nurs Clin Pract. 2016;3:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Clin Pract"},{"key":"5049_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2018.03.004","volume":"32","author":"M Kageyama","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kageyama M, Yokoyama K, Nakamura Y, Kobayashi S, Fujii C. The coping process of Japanese parents who experience violence from adult children with schizophrenia. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2018;32:549\u201354.","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"5049_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0547-1","volume":"15","author":"S Gupta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gupta S, Isherwood G, Jones K, Van Impe K. Assessing health status in informal schizophrenia caregivers compared with health status in non-caregivers and caregivers of other conditions. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"5049_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2052-4","volume":"19","author":"L Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen L, Zhao Y, Tang J, Jin G, Liu Y, Zhao X, et al. The burden, support and needs of primary family caregivers of people experiencing schizophrenia in Beijing communities: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"5049_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515596335","volume":"32","author":"T Labrum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Labrum T, Solomon PL. Rates of victimization of violence committed by relatives with psychiatric disorders. J Interpers Violence. 2017;32:2955\u201374.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"5049_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2174\/1874434601913010156","volume":"13","author":"M Kageyama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kageyama M, Yokoyama K, Horiai Y. Perceptions of stages of family violence and their perceived solutions in persons with schizophrenia. Open Nurs J. 2019;13:156\u201367.","journal-title":"Open Nurs J"},{"key":"5049_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-019-0233-7","volume":"18","author":"M Ayalew","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ayalew M, Workicho A, Tesfaye E, Hailesilasie H, Abera M. Burden among caregivers of people with mental illness at Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2019;18:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"5049_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000152","volume":"39","author":"S Rowaert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rowaert S, Vandevelde S, Lemmens G, Vanderplasschen W, Vander Beken T, Vander Laenen F, et al. The role and experiences of family members during the rehabilitation of mentally ill offenders. Int J Rehabil Res. 2016;39:11\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"key":"5049_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-015-0114-3","volume":"8","author":"A Gater","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gater A, Rofail D, Marshall C, Tolley C, Abetz-Webb L, Zarit SH, et al. Assessing the impact of caring for a person with schizophrenia: development of the schizophrenia caregiver questionnaire. Patient-Patient-Centered Outcomes Res. 2015;8:507\u201320.","journal-title":"Patient-Patient-Centered Outcomes Res"},{"key":"5049_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.9741\/23736658.1066","volume":"2","author":"M Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park M, Lee K-J. Korean sibling caregivers of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Asian Pac Isl Nurs J. 2017;2:97.","journal-title":"Asian Pac Isl Nurs J"},{"key":"5049_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E322","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.220689","volume":"195","author":"K Leslie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leslie K, Barker LC, Brown HK, Chen S, Dennis C-L, Ray JG, et al. Risk of interpersonal violence during and after pregnancy among people with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ. 2023;195:E322\u20139.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"5049_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716656830","volume":"62","author":"J Quinn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Quinn J, Kolla NJ. From clozapine to cognitive remediation: a review of biological and psychosocial treatments for violence in schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62:94\u2013101.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"5049_CR21","first-page":"29","volume":"1","author":"I Rafiyah","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rafiyah I. Burden on family caregivers caring for patients with schizophrenia and its related factors. Nurse media J Nurs. 2011;1:29\u201341.","journal-title":"Nurse media J Nurs"},{"key":"5049_CR22","first-page":"170","volume":"7","author":"A K\u00f6ro\u011flu","year":"2017","unstructured":"K\u00f6ro\u011flu A, Hocao\u011flu \u00c7. \u015eizofreninin aile \u00fczerine olan etkisi (In English: The impact of schizophrenia on the family. D\u00fczce \u00dcniversitesi Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi (In English. J Duzce Univ Health Sci Institute). 2017;7:170\u20135.","journal-title":"J Duzce Univ Health Sci Institute)"},{"key":"5049_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/15332985.2023.2282932","volume":"22","author":"Y-C Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y-C. Caregiving experience associated with unpaid carers of persons with schizophrenia: a scoping review. Soc Work Ment Health. 2024;22:219\u201345.","journal-title":"Soc Work Ment Health"},{"key":"5049_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031862","volume":"19","author":"M-M Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng M-M, Xing J, Tang X, Wu Q, Wei D, Ran M-S. Disease-related risk factors for caregiver burden among family caregivers of persons with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:1862.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5049_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","volume":"19","author":"A Tong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19:349\u201357.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"5049_CR26","volume-title":"Nitel ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemleri","author":"JW Creswell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Creswell JW. Nitel ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemleri. Ankara: Siyasal Kitapevi; 2018."},{"key":"5049_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yal\u00e7in H. Bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma deseni olarak fenomenoloji (In English: Phenomenology as a research design. Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (In English: Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences). 2022;22:213\u2013232.","DOI":"10.18037\/ausbd.1227345"},{"key":"5049_CR28","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m A, \u015eim\u015fek H. Sosyal bilimlerde nitel ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemleri. (In English: Qualitative research methods in social sciences).Ankara: 6. bas\u0131m, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k San. ve Tic. A\u015e; 2006."},{"key":"5049_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806","volume":"11","author":"V Braun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health. 2019;11:589\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806.","journal-title":"Qual Res Sport Exerc Health"},{"key":"5049_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/jcad.12364","volume":"99","author":"EA Prosek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prosek EA, Gibson DM. Promoting Rigorous Research by Examining Lived Experiences: A Review of Four Qualitative Traditions. J Couns Dev. 2021;99:167\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcad.12364.","journal-title":"J Couns Dev"},{"key":"5049_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000120","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000120","volume":"6","author":"S Fazel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fazel S, Gulati G, Linsell L, Geddes JR, Grann M. Schizophrenia and violence: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000120.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"5049_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-017-9537-4","volume":"89","author":"M Kageyama","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kageyama M, Solomon P, Yokoyama K, Nakamura Y, Kobayashi S, Fujii C. Violence towards family caregivers by their relative with schizophrenia in Japan. Psychiatr Q. 2018;89:329\u201340.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"5049_CR33","unstructured":"Al-Jumaili TAA. Jinn between the Holly Qur\u2019an and the Holly bible comparative study. J Islamic Sci. 2021;1(28):276."},{"key":"5049_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.21093\/benjole.v3i2.6426","volume":"3","author":"MN Annisa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Annisa MN, Usman MA, Kiswanto D. Semantic Analysis of The Relation of The Meaning of The Words Human and Jinn in The Qur\u2019an. Borneo J Lang Educ. 2023;3:99\u2013111.","journal-title":"Borneo J Lang Educ"},{"key":"5049_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/aps.1675","volume":"18","author":"W Buse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buse W. Dreams, djinn, and the evil eye: Interpreting the supernatural idiom of Yemenite Jewish immigration. Int J Appl Psychoanal Stud. 2021;18:75\u201390.","journal-title":"Int J Appl Psychoanal Stud"},{"key":"5049_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104594","author":"M Narimani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Narimani M, Naeim M. Socio-Cognitive Integration Theory (SCIT): A contextual model for mental health in Islamic-Asian societies: Integrative review. Asian J Psychiatry. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2025.104594. 110.","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"5049_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosli ANM, Hashi AA, Razali ZA. Jinn and mental illness among muslims-a commentary. IIUM Med J Malaysia. 2020;19(1):125\u20138.","DOI":"10.31436\/imjm.v19i1.1341"},{"key":"5049_CR38","unstructured":"Aydin A, Kargin M, \u00c7elebi E. Yatarak tedavi g\u00f6ren \u015fizofreni hastalar\u0131n\u0131n sald\u0131rganl\u0131kla ilgili alg\u0131lar\u0131: nitel bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma. Anatol J Psychiatry\/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2019;20(6):597\u2013604."},{"key":"5049_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2138-z","volume":"19","author":"NH Laila","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laila NH, Mahkota R, Shivalli S, Bantas K, Krianto T. Factors associated with pasung (physical restraint and confinement) of schizophrenia patients in Bogor regency, West Java Province, Indonesia 2017. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"5049_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahonen L. Violence and mental illness: An overview. Springer; 2019:37\u201346.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18750-7_4"},{"key":"5049_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpiniello B, Vita A, Mencacci C. Violence and mental disorders. Springer; 2020:65\u201380.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33188-7_4"},{"key":"5049_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518759976","volume":"36","author":"MW Roch\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roch\u00e9 MW, Boyle DJ, Cheng C-C, Del Pozzo J, Cherneski L, Pascarella J, et al. Prevalence and risk of violent ideation and behavior in serious mental illnesses: an analysis of 63,572 patient records. J Interpers Violence. 2021;36:2732\u201352.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"5049_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0240-9","volume":"14","author":"AE Sariah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sariah AE, Outwater AH, Malima KIY. Risk and protective factors for relapse among individuals with schizophrenia: a qualitative study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:1\u201312.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"5049_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240385","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1240385","volume":"14","author":"AM Valen\u00e7a","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valen\u00e7a AM, de Almeida LR, de Oliveira GC, Fran\u00e7a MF, da Silva AG, Telles LB, et al. Matricide and schizophrenia-psychopathological, psychodynamic, and forensic aspects: a case report. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1240385.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"5049_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12492","volume":"56","author":"X Bai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bai X, Luo Z, Wang A, Guan Z, Zhong Z, Sun M, et al. Challenge of parents caring for children or adolescents with early-stage schizophrenia in China: A qualitative study. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2020;56:777\u201384.","journal-title":"Perspect Psychiatr Care"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05049-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05049-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05049-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T01:47:32Z","timestamp":1789350452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05049-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05049-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"was granted from the Van Yuzuncu Yil University Non-invasive Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Protocol:2023\/05\u201324 Date:12\/05\/2023). All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrolment in the study. This research was conducted ethically in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1331"}}