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This study examines changes in subjective well-being and happiness patterns during the COVID-19 period compared with the pre-pandemic period in T\u00fcrkiye as an emerging country context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyze nationally representative Life Satisfaction Survey data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) for the 2019\u20132021 period, covering approximately 10 thousand individuals aged 18 and above each year. Multinomial logistic regression models are employed for each year, preserving the original five-category happiness variable ranging from \u201cvery happy\u201d to \u201cvery unhappy\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>First, during the COVID-19 period, the percentage of individuals who defined themselves as happy or very happy decreased from approximately 54% in 2019 to 48.7% in 2020, before slightly recovering to 50.1% in 2021. Second, \u201chealth\u201d remained the most frequently reported source of happiness among categories such as success, job, love, and money both before and during the pandemic period. The findings indicate that the main determinants of happiness remained broadly stable during the pandemic-period years, although the magnitude of several associations changed. Women reported higher happiness levels than men, whereas employed women exhibited relatively lower happiness levels. Having a job alone did not consistently affect happiness; however, employed individuals with at least a high school education tended to report higher happiness levels before the pandemic period. Furthermore, higher income, being married, health satisfaction, income satisfaction, and social life satisfaction were positively associated with happiness. A U-shaped relationship between happiness and age groups was also observed. Although higher-income individuals consistently reported greater happiness levels, the strength of this association weakened during the pandemic-period years. Finally, hopefulness about the future demonstrated the strongest and most consistent association with happiness. Hopeful individuals exhibited substantially greater odds of belonging to the \u201cvery happy\u201d category, with odds ratios of approximately 18.0 in 2019, 15.1 in 2020, and 17.9 in 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that although happiness levels declined during the COVID-19 period in T\u00fcrkiye, the main determinants of happiness remained largely stable. Socioeconomic conditions, health satisfaction, and future expectations were important factors associated with happiness, while hopefulness about the future emerged as the strongest and most consistent predictor across all years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-05060-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T13:15:08Z","timestamp":1782220508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hope for happiness in an emerging country during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4938-4565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seher Nur","family":"Sulku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2517-2207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Levent","family":"Gul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-6321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yagmur","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0676-0548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kubra","family":"Cosar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"5060_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8","volume":"5","author":"T Hale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hale T, Angrist N, Goldszmidt R, Kira B, Petherick A, Phillips T, et al. 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The micro data was prepared by Turkstat in accordance with the Regulation named \u201cRegulation of Procedure and Principles of Data Confidentiality and Confident Data Security in Official Statistics\u201d which was issued by the Article 13 of Statistics Law of T\u00fcrkiye No. 5429 and entered into force on 20 June, 2006, following that of its publication in the Official Journal No: 26204. TurkStat has its ethics committee and TurkStat\u2019s Regulation on the Principles of Ethical Behavior of the Public Officials and Application Procedures and Essentials can be reached by\n                      \n                      . Respondents (human participants) in TurkStat surveys are selected from the Address Based Population Registration System using sampling techniques to represent all segments of the society by TurkStat. Every chosen \u201cRespondents\u201d have to participate in the TurkStat\u2019 survey as Pursuant to Article 54 of the Turkish Statistics Law No. 5429, administrative fines are imposed in case the requested information is not provided in a timely, complete and accurate manner. The imposition of an administrative fine does not remove the respondent\u2019s obligation to provide information.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1290"}}