{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:46:58Z","timestamp":1792788418219,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":81,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the General Projects for Philosophy and Social Science Research of Department of Education of Hubei Province in 2023"},{"name":"the General Projects for Social Science Foundation of Yangtze University in 2022","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bhmhz54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The project for Hubei Provincial Research Center for Grassroots Governance of Hubei Province Key Research Base for Humanities and Social Sciences in Universities in 2024"},{"name":"General Project of Education under the National Social Science Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-05077-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T23:45:21Z","timestamp":1783295121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How balanced time perspective affects short-video addiction: a chain mediation model based on trait anxiety and ego depletion"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yiyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiling","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"5077_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Montag C, Lachmann B, Herrlich M, Zweig K. Addictive features of social media\/messenger platforms and freemium games against the background of psychological and economic theories.\u00a0Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(14):2612.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16142612.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16142612"},{"key":"5077_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qin HX. A study on the influencing mechanism and intervention strategies of college students\u2019 short-video addiction [Master dissertation, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University] [In Chinese]. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.27751\/d.cnki.gjxkj.2020.000299.","DOI":"10.27751\/d.cnki.gjxkj.2020.000299"},{"key":"5077_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S142199","volume":"8","author":"U Namrata","year":"2017","unstructured":"Namrata U, Sanjeev G. Internet use and its addiction level in medical students. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2017;8:641\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/AMEP.S142199.","journal-title":"Adv Med Educ Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.13","volume":"7","author":"L Tagrid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tagrid L, Sabine H, Julia D, Mann RI, Kiefer F. The links between healthy, problematic, and addicted internet use regarding comorbidities and self-concept-related characteristics. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(1):111\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.7.2018.13.","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"5077_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu W, Jiang YH, Wang Q, Wang N. Relationship between short-form video social media addiction and sleep disturbance of college students: the mediating role of night time social media use and the moderating role of gender. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2021;29(1):46\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16128\/j.cnki.1005-3611.2021.01.009.","DOI":"10.16128\/j.cnki.1005-3611.2021.01.009"},{"key":"5077_CR6","unstructured":"Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. The time paradox: the new psychology of time that will change your life. Ceskoslovenska Psychologie; 2008."},{"key":"5077_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stolarski M, Bitner J, Zimbardo PG. Time perspective, emotional intelligence and discounting of delayed awards. Time Soc. 2011;20(3):346\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0961463X11414296.","DOI":"10.1177\/0961463X11414296"},{"key":"5077_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mooney A, Earl JK, Mooney CH and Bateman H. Using Balanced Time Perspective to Explain Well-Being and Planning in Retirement. Front. Psychol. 2017;8:1781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01781.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01781."},{"issue":"6","key":"5077_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07368-2_2","volume":"77","author":"PG Zimbardo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. Putting time in perspective: a valid, reliable individual-differences metric. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999;77(6):1271\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-07368-2_2.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"5077_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spielberger CDGR, Luschene P, Vagg P, Jacobs A. Manual for the state trait anxiety inventory (Form Y) consulting psychologists press: palo alto. Spielberger manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory 1983. 1983.","DOI":"10.1037\/t06496-000"},{"key":"5077_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carelli MG, Wiberg B, Wiberg M. Development and construct validation of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2011;27(4):220\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000076.","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000076"},{"key":"5077_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, Tice DM. The strength model of self-control. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2008;16(6):351\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"5077_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019486","volume":"136","author":"MS Hagger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hagger MS, Wood C, Stiff C, Chatzisarantis NLD. Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2010;136(4):495\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0019486.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"5077_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2012.00715","volume":"20","author":"SH Tan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tan SH, Xu Y, Wang F, Song J. Ego depletion: theory, influencing factors and research trends [In Chinese]. Adv Psychol Sci. 2012;20(5):715\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2012.00715.","journal-title":"Adv Psychol Sci"},{"key":"5077_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wagner DD, Heatherton TF. Self-regulation and its failure: The seven deadly threats to self-regulation. In: Mikulincer\u00a0M, Shaver PR, Borgida E, Bargh\u00a0JA. editors, APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology. Volume 1: Attitudes and Social Cognition. American Psychological Association; 2015. pp. 805\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/14341-026.","DOI":"10.1037\/14341-026"},{"key":"5077_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033","volume":"71","author":"M Brand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, W\u00f6lfling K, Potenza MN. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: an Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:252\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR17","first-page":"38","volume":"13","author":"A Ellis","year":"1957","unstructured":"Ellis A. Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology. J Individ Psychol. 1957;13(1):38\u201344.","journal-title":"J Individ Psychol"},{"key":"5077_CR18","unstructured":"Ellis A. Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. 1962."},{"key":"5077_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brand M, Wegmann E, Stark R, Muller A, Wolfling K, Robbins TW, Potenza MN. The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci\u00a0Biobehav Rev. 2019;104:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032"},{"key":"5077_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578457","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1578457","volume":"16","author":"LI Andrade","year":"2025","unstructured":"Andrade LI, Vi\u00f1\u00e1n-Lude\u00f1a MS. Mapping research on ICT addiction: a comprehensive review of Internet, smartphone, social media, and gaming addictions. Front Psychol. 2025;16:1578457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1578457.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"5077_CR21","first-page":"611","volume":"6","author":"J Pan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pan J, Zhao X, Lv C, Zhang Y. Short video addiction: a new type of internet addiction. J Hangzhou Norm Univ(Nat Sci Ed). 2024;6:611\u20139. [In Chinese].","journal-title":"J Hangzhou Norm Univ(Nat Sci Ed)"},{"issue":"4","key":"5077_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/14659890500114359","volume":"10","author":"M Griffiths","year":"2005","unstructured":"Griffiths M. A \u2018components\u2019 model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. J Subst Use. 2005;10(4):191\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14659890500114359.","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"key":"5077_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361497","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1361497","volume":"15","author":"S Xiong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiong S, Chen J, Yao N. A multidimensional framework for understanding problematic use of short video platforms: the role of individual, social-environmental, and platform factors. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1361497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1361497.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"5077_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-024-10090-x","volume":"95","author":"M Akbari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akbari M, Seydavi M, Sheikhi S, et al. Exploring differences in four types of online activities across individuals with and without problematic smartphone use. Psychiatr Q. 2024;95(4):579\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11126-024-10090-x.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"5077_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00041-8","volume":"17","author":"RA Davis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Davis RA. A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological internet use. Comput Hum Behav. 2001;17(2):187\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00041-8.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"5077_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.05.014","volume":"28","author":"CM Castille","year":"2012","unstructured":"Castille CM, Sheets TL. The five factor model of personality and employees\u2019 excessive use of technology. Comput Hum Behav. 2012;28(5):1947\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2012.05.014.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"5077_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.02.024","volume":"35","author":"R Servidio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Servidio R. Exploring the effects of demographic factors, internet usage and personality traits on internet addiction in a sample of Italian university students. Comput Hum Behav. 2014;35:85\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2014.02.024.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"5077_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.2.2013.9","volume":"2","author":"CS Andreassen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Andreassen CS, Griffiths MD, Gjertsen SR, Krossbakken E, Kvam S, Pallesen S. The relationships between behavioral addictions and the five-factor model of personality. J Behav Addict. 2013;2(2):90\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/JBA.2.2013.9.","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"issue":"3","key":"5077_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030311","volume":"14","author":"D Kuss","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuss D, Griffiths M. Social networking sites and addiction: ten lessons learned. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(3):311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14030311.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5077_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109772","volume":"156","author":"M Stolarski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stolarski M, Zajenkowski M, Jankowski KS, Szymaniak K. Deviation from the balanced time perspective: a systematic review of empirical relationships with psychological variables. Personal Individ Differ. 2020;156:109772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109772.","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"issue":"5","key":"5077_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.5.1252","volume":"74","author":"RF Baumeister","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baumeister RF, Bratslavsky E, Muraven M, Tice DM. Ego depletion: is the active self a limited resource? J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;74(5):1252\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.74.5.1252.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5077_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167218766857","volume":"44","author":"BM Wilkowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilkowski BM, Ferguson EL, Williamson LZ, Lappi SK. (How) does initial self-control undermine later self-control in daily life? Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2018;44(9):1315\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167218766857.","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"key":"5077_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ding H, Geng J, Huang F, Lei L. Need for uniqueness and adolescents' problematic internet use: longitudinal evidence on the role of stress and ego depletion. Curr Psychol. 2024;43:20732\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-024-05843-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-05843-7"},{"key":"5077_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang M, He N. The effect of perceived stress on problematic social network site use among adolescents: a multiple mediation model. Proc 23rd Natl Acad Congress Psychol. 2022;23:016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26914\/c.cnkihy.2022.071546.","DOI":"10.26914\/c.cnkihy.2022.071546"},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.1.3","volume":"106","author":"J Metcalfe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Metcalfe J, Mischel W. A hot\/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower. Psychol Rev. 1999;106(1):3\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.106.1.3.","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"5077_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guan Y, He J. The effect of state self-control on the intertemporal decisions made by individuals with high and low trait self-control. PLOS ONE. 2018;13(4):e0195333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0195333.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195333"},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-02785-y","volume":"13","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang J, Xiao T, Liu Y, Guo Z, Yi Z. The relationship between physical activity and social network site addiction among adolescents: the chain mediating role of anxiety and ego-depletion. BMC Psychol. 2025;13(1):477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-025-02785-y.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5077_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.96.3.465","volume":"96","author":"D Watson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Watson D, Clark LA. Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychol Bull. 1984;96(3):465\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.96.3.465.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"5077_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2019.00666","volume":"27","author":"H Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cao H, Yang L, He YY, Su HT, Zhang JX, Zhang Y. The influence of time perspective on addictive behavior and its mechanism [In Chinese]. Adv Psychol Sci. 2019;27(4):666\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2019.00666.","journal-title":"Adv Psychol Sci"},{"key":"5077_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.04.027","volume":"152","author":"J Chavarria","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chavarria J, Allan NP, Moltisanti A, Taylor J. The effects of present hedonistic time perspective and past negative time perspective on substance use consequences. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;152:39\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.04.027.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"5077_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang H, Lv HC. The relationship between adolescents\u2018 future time perspective and academic performance: the mediating role of resilience. Psychol Develop Educ. 2017;33(3):321\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16187\/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.03.09.","DOI":"10.16187\/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.03.09"},{"key":"5077_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali HFM, Mousa MAEG, Atta MHR, et al. Exploring the association between internet addiction and time management among undergraduate nursing students. BMC Nurs.\u00a02024;23(1):632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-024-02273-5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-02273-5"},{"key":"5077_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Apostolidis T, Fieulaine N, Simonin L, Rolland G. Future time perspective as predictor of cannabis use: exploring the role of substance perception among French adolescents.\u00a0Addict Behav. 2006;31(12):2339\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.03.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.03.008"},{"key":"5077_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538948","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1538948","volume":"16","author":"Y Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Y, Huang Y, Wen L, Chen P, Zhang S. (2025) Temporal focus, dual-system self-control, and college students\u2019 short-video addiction: a variable-centered and person-centered approach. Front Psychol. 2025;16:1538948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1538948.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5077_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00191-3","volume":"40","author":"PL Tomich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tomich PL, Tolich A. Life is a balancing act: deviation from a balanced time perspective mediates the relationship between lifetime trauma exposure and optimism. Curr Psychol. 2021;40(5):2472\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-019-00191-3.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"5077_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boniwell I, Zimbardo PG. Balancing time perspective in pursuit of optimal functioning. In: Linley PA, Joseph S, editors. Positive psychology in practice. Wiley; 2004. p. 165\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118996874.ch13.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118996874.ch13"},{"issue":"3","key":"5077_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/pchj.725","volume":"13","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X, Lyu H, Mello ZR. Another way to measure balanced time perspective: development and validation of the Time Perspective Inventory. PsyCh J. 2024;13(3):407(2021). 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pchj.725.","journal-title":"PsyCh J"},{"key":"5077_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Young KS. Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychol Behav. 1998;1(3):237\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cpb.1998.1.237.","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.1998.1.237"},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.15","volume":"7","author":"K Kircaburun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kircaburun K, Griffiths MD. Instagram addiction and the Big Five of personality: the mediating role of self-liking. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(1):158\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.7.2018.15.","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"5077_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang Z, Kang T, Chen Y, Chen W, Wu H. Validation of the short video addiction scale: a psychometric study among Chinese adolescents [Preprint]. Res Square.\u00a0 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6259796\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6259796\/v1"},{"key":"5077_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lanaj K, Johnson RE, Barnes CM. Beginning the workday yet already depleted? Consequences of late-night smartphone use and sleep.\u00a0Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 2014;124(1):11\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.obhdp.2014.01.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2014.01.001"},{"key":"5077_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ta X, Gao M, Wu F, Sun S, Lu J, Wen G, Wang Q, Sun G. Relationship between ego depletion and health promotion behaviors in older adults with diabetes: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai, China. Glob Health Med. 2025;7(1):57\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35772\/ghm.2024.01090.","DOI":"10.35772\/ghm.2024.01090"},{"key":"5077_CR53","unstructured":"Zhou H, Long L. Statistical remedies for common method biases. Adv Psychol Sci. 2004;12(6):942\u2013950."},{"key":"5077_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wen Z, Ye B. Analyses of mediating effects: the development of methods and models. Adv Psychol Sci. 2014;22(5):731\u2013745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2014.00731.","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2014.00731"},{"key":"5077_CR55","unstructured":"Nunnally JC. Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed. McGraw Hill Book Company; 1978."},{"key":"5077_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company; 1984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(85)90087-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(85)90087-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"5077_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.003","volume":"30","author":"JM Cisler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cisler JM, Koster EH. Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: an integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(2):203\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.003.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"5077_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.13342\/j.cnki.cjhp.2024.11.020","volume":"32","author":"KX Jiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiao KX, Zhang Y, Qigeqi. The relationship between trait anxiety and intertemporal decision-making: the mediating role of ego depletion and the moderating role of time perspective [In Chinese]. China J Health Psychol. 2024;32(11):1728\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13342\/j.cnki.cjhp.2024.11.020.","journal-title":"China J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5077_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2013.763632","volume":"19","author":"RM Sword","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sword RM, Sword RK, Brunskill SR, Zimbardo PG. Time perspective therapy: a new time-based metaphor therapy for PTSD. J Loss Trauma. 2014;19(3):197\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15325024.2013.763632.","journal-title":"J Loss Trauma"},{"key":"5077_CR60","unstructured":"ESSMA Team. PREVAJEUNE: preventing addictive behaviour in young secondary school students through the DWM\/PM+ programme. 2025."}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05077-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05077-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05077-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:09:10Z","timestamp":1790298550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05077-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05077-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This survey was approved by the ethics committee of psychological research at Yangtze University (Approval No:CE5S-20260424).Informed consent was obtained from both participants and their parents, and their anonymity and confidentiality were strictly protected throughout the study.And the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have approved the manuscript for publication. Consent for publication is not applicable as the study does not involve any identifying images or personal\/clinical details of participants that compromise anonymity.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1391"}}