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This study proposes a multilevel interpretive framework for the Social Cognition Battery (Batterie de Cognition Sociale, BCS) that enables fine-grained analysis of facial emotion recognition, mental state inference, and theory of mind reasoning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analyses were based on partially overlapping normative samples of healthy French-speaking adults (age range: 20\u201369 years) who completed facial emotion recognition (FER\/IDEMO;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009155), Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009175), and theory of mind (ToM) tasks assessing first-order and second-order belief attribution as well as faux pas recognition (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009129\u2013145; adapted from Baron-Cohen, 2000). A data-driven stratification approach identified optimal normative groupings based on empirically observed age and sex effects. Scoring dimensions included emotion-specific accuracy, intensity-dependent performance profiles, systematic misattribution patterns (confusion matrices), response latencies, and ToM subcomponents by inferential order and cognitive dimension.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Age-related decline emerged for anger and fear recognition (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001) but not for joy or disgust, which showed ceiling effects. Response times revealed nonlinear age trajectories, with adults aged 50\u201359 demonstrating longer latencies than those over 60 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). Older adults (60+) exhibited significantly elevated misattribution rates (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .008), whereas a descriptive tendency toward higher anger-disgust confusion in young men did not reach significance after correction for within-participant clustering. Theory of mind performance remained stable across age groups, with significant differentiation across inferential orders (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) and cognitive dimensions (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multidimensional framework provides normative benchmarks that may enhance clinical utility by enabling identification of emotion-specific performance profiles, detection of processing efficiency variations through response latencies, and characterization of systematic error patterns; thereby extending the interpretive precision of well-validated instruments whose clinical sensitivity has been established across neurological and psychiatric populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-05124-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:45:41Z","timestamp":1783424741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A multidimensional normative framework for fine-grained social cognition assessment with the BCS"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3120-911X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Trognon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nami","family":"Ko\u00efd\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Stortini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coralie","family":"Duman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loann","family":"Mahdar-Recorbet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliz\u00e9e","family":"Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Altakroury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"5124_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13254-2","volume":"272","author":"E Chatzidimitriou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chatzidimitriou E, Chen Y, Moraitou D, Ioannidis P, Aretouli E, Kramer JH, et al. 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