{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T20:26:50Z","timestamp":1787344010440,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The College Students\u2019 Mental Health Promotion Research Project","award":["GX25A003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GX25A003"]}]},{"name":"The Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32400894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32400894"]}]},{"name":"The Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2023A1515110350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515110350"]}]},{"name":"The Youth Project of the Guangdong Office of Philosophy and Social Science","award":["GD24YXL06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GD24YXL06"]}]},{"name":"The \u201cSet Sail\u201d Project for Young Doctors of Basic and Applied Basic Research","award":["2025A04J4058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A04J4058"]}]},{"name":"The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Medical and Health Industry High Quality Development Rule of Law Guarantee Research Center","award":["2024TSZK016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024TSZK016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-05167-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:14:47Z","timestamp":1784718887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations among problematic smartphone use, depression, and sleep disturbance in Chinese college students: a three-wave longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lujie","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5167_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14010","volume":"27","author":"B Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu B, Vincent C, Kapella MC, Quinn L, Collins EG, Ruggiero L, Fritschi C, Fritschi C. Sleep disturbance in people with diabetes: A concept analysis. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(1\u20132):e50\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.14010.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"5167_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.acr.1001114","volume":"8","author":"AB Gadicha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gadicha AB, Gadicha VB, Burange MS, Khan ZI. Sleep disorders and sleep studies case reports. Archives Case Rep. 2024;8(3):146\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29328\/journal.acr.1001114.","journal-title":"Archives Case Rep"},{"key":"5167_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476020","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1476020","volume":"12","author":"C Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao C, Zhang Y. Moderated serial mediation effects of adaptation problems, academic stress, and interpersonal relationships on the sleep quality of early-year university students. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1476020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1476020.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"5167_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12648","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12648","volume":"27","author":"L Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li L, Wang YY, Wang SB, Zhang L, Li L, Xu DD, Ungvari GS, Cui X, Xiang YT. Prevalence of sleep disturbances in Chinese university students: A comprehensive meta-analysis. J Sleep Res. 2018;27(3):e12648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.12648.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5167_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2023.100424","volume":"24","author":"V Bacaro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bacaro V, Miletic K, Crocetti E. A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies on the interplay between sleep, mental health, and positive well-being in adolescents. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2024;24(1):100424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijchp.2023.100424.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Health Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5167_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-015-0054-y","volume":"2","author":"J Billieux","year":"2015","unstructured":"Billieux J, Maurage P, Lopez-Fernandez O, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research. Curr Addict Rep. 2015;2(2):156\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40429-015-0054-y.","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"5167_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_288_23","volume":"49","author":"P Das","year":"2024","unstructured":"Das P, Saraswathy KN, Chaudhary V. Prevalence of smartphone addiction and its relationship with obesity among young adults: A cross-sectional study from Delhi, India. Indian J Community Med. 2024;49(3):544\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_288_23.","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"5167_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S455955","volume":"17","author":"R Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu R, Niu Q, Wang Y, Dawa Y, Guang Z, Song D, Li Y, Wang S. The impact of problematic smartphone use on sleep quality among Chinese young adults: Investigating anxiety and depression as mediators in a three-wave longitudinal study. Psychol Res Behav Manage. 2024;17:1775\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S455955.","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manage"},{"key":"5167_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.08.007","volume":"66","author":"G Hisler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hisler G, Twenge JM, Krizan Z. Associations between screen time and short sleep duration among adolescents vary by media type: Evidence from a cohort study. Sleep Med. 2020;66:92\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.08.007.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5167_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2018.1527773","volume":"36","author":"L T\u00e4hk\u00e4m\u00f6","year":"2018","unstructured":"T\u00e4hk\u00e4m\u00f6 L, Partonen T, Pesonen A-K. Systematic review of light exposure impact on human circadian rhythm. Chronobiol Int. 2018;36(2):151\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07420528.2018.1527773.","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"5167_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2023.100643","volume":"14","author":"CJ Candussi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Candussi CJ, Kabir R, Sivasubramanian M. Problematic smartphone usage, prevalence and patterns among university students: A systematic review. J Affect Disorders Rep. 2023;14:100643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadr.2023.100643.","journal-title":"J Affect Disorders Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"5167_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001555","volume":"51","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang Y, Jiang J, Valdimarsd\u00f3ttir UA, Fall K, Fang F, Song H, Lu D, Zhang W. Psychological distress among health professional students during the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychol Med. 2021;51(11):1952\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291720001555.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5167_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03451-4","volume":"21","author":"G Cui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cui G, Yin Y, Li S, Chen L, Liu X, Tang K, Li Y. Longitudinal relationships among problematic mobile phone use, bedtime procrastination, sleep quality and depressive symptoms in Chinese college students: A cross-lagged panel analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03451-4.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"14","key":"5167_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7438","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147438","volume":"18","author":"J-K Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen J-K, Wu W-C. Reciprocal relationships between sleep problems and problematic smartphone use in Taiwan: Cross-lagged panel study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(14):7438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18147438.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5167_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107715","volume":"144","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, Yuan G, Guo H, Zhang X, Zhang K, Lu X, Li Y, Zhang Z. Longitudinal association between problematic smartphone use and sleep disorder among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Addict Behav. 2023;144:107715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107715.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"5167_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.037","volume":"148","author":"L Exelmans","year":"2016","unstructured":"Exelmans L, Van den Bulck J. Bedtime mobile phone use and sleep in adults. Soc Sci Med. 2016;148:93\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.037.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"5167_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101742","volume":"68","author":"LAS Brautsch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brautsch LAS, Lund L, Andersen MM, Jennum PJ, Folker AP, Andersen S. Digital media use and sleep in late adolescence and young adulthood: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2023;68:101742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101742.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"5167_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.07.007","volume":"21","author":"L Hale","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hale L, Guan S. Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;21:50\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2014.07.007.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"5167_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.2914","volume":"178","author":"B Brosnan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brosnan B, Haszard JJ, Meredith-Jones KA, Wickham S-R, Galland BC, Taylor RW. Screen use at bedtime and sleep duration and quality among youths. JAMA Pediatr. 2024;178(11):1147\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.2914.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"5167_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13100839","volume":"13","author":"S Correa-Iriarte","year":"2023","unstructured":"Correa-Iriarte S, Hidalgo-Fuentes S, Mart\u00ed-Vilar M. Relationship between problematic smartphone use, sleep quality and bedtime procrastination: A mediation analysis. Behav Sci. 2023;13(10):839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs13100839.","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"5167_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112686","volume":"284","author":"J Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang J, Fu X, Liao X, Li Y. Association of problematic smartphone use with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;284:112686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112686.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"5167_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032","volume":"104","author":"M Brand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brand M, Wegmann E, Stark R, M\u00fcller A, W\u00f6lfling K, Robbins TW, Potenza MN. The interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2019;104:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"5167_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.12.006","volume":"31","author":"CA Palmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palmer CA, Alfano CA. Sleep and emotion regulation: An organizing, integrative review. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;31:6\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.12.006.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"5167_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2024.100585","volume":"26","author":"X Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao X, Lai X, Shunsen H, Li Y, Dai X, Wang H, Liu Y, Wang Y. Long-term protective effects of physical activity and self-control on problematic smartphone use in adolescents: A longitudinal mediation analysis. Ment Health Phys Act. 2024;26:100585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mhpa.2024.100585.","journal-title":"Ment Health Phys Act"},{"key":"5167_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kang Y, Liu S, Yang L, Xu B, Lin L, Xie L, Shi Y, Xu F, Zhang B. Testing the bidirectional associations of mobile phone addiction behaviors with mental distress, sleep disturbances, and sleep patterns: A one-year prospective study among Chinese college students. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11. Article 634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00634.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00634"},{"key":"5167_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sieniawska D, Sieniawska J, Proszowska P. The impact of physical activity on depression treatment: A literature review. Qual Sport. 2024;16. Article 52858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12775\/qs.2024.16.52858.","DOI":"10.12775\/qs.2024.16.52858"},{"issue":"10","key":"5167_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70090","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.70090","volume":"19","author":"H Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li H, Zhang X, Bu L, Zhang Y, Wang X, Ye H, Chen Y, Fan F. Longitudinal trajectories of depression and anxiety among Chinese adolescents in the later stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Early Interv Psychiat. 2025;19(10):e70090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eip.70090.","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiat"},{"key":"5167_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.008","volume":"85","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhou Y, Ru T, Niu J, He M, Zhou G. How does the COVID-19 affect mental health and sleep among Chinese adolescents: A longitudinal follow-up study. Sleep Med. 2021;85:246\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.008.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"5167_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun M, Piao M, Jia Z. The impact of alexithymia, anxiety, social pressure, and academic burnout on depression in Chinese university students: An analysis based on SEM. BMC Psychol. 2024;12. Article 562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-024-02262-y.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-02262-y"},{"key":"5167_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33584-3","volume":"13","author":"M Fernandes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fernandes M, Mendon\u00e7a C, da Silva T, Noll P, de Abreu L, Noll M. Relationship between depression and quality of life among students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2023;13:8243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-33584-3.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5167_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao L-X, Xie Y, Jia C, Wang W. Prevalence of depression among Chinese university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020;10. Article 15897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-72998-1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72998-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"5167_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article2","DOI":"10.5817\/CP2023-3-2","volume":"17","author":"C Arrivillaga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arrivillaga C, Elhai JD, Rey L, Extremera N. Depressive symptomatology is associated with problematic smartphone use severity in adolescents: The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Cyberpsychology: J Psychosocial Res Cyberspace. 2023;17(3):Article2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5817\/CP2023-3-2.","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology: J Psychosocial Res Cyberspace"},{"key":"5167_CR33","unstructured":"Beck AT. Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. University of Pennsylvania; 1969."},{"key":"5167_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305","volume":"6","author":"IH Gotlib","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gotlib IH, Joormann J. Cognition and depression: Current status and future directions. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6:285\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"5167_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.11.004","volume":"30","author":"L Palagini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palagini L, Moretto U, Dell\u2019Osso L, Carney CE. Sleep-related cognitive processes, arousal, and emotion dysregulation in insomnia disorder: The role of insomnia-specific rumination. Sleep Med. 2017;30:97\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.11.004.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5167_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e301115","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjment-2024-301115","volume":"27","author":"B Carter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carter B, Ahmed N, Cassidy O, Pearson O, Calcia M, Mackie C, Kalk NJ. There\u2019s more to life than staring at a small screen: A mixed methods cohort study of problematic smartphone use and the relationship to anxiety, depression and sleep in students aged 13\u201316 years old in the UK. BMJ Mental Health. 2024;27(1):e301115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjment-2024-301115.","journal-title":"BMJ Mental Health"},{"key":"5167_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S529993","volume":"18","author":"GF Yuan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yuan GF, Liu C, Shi W, Ding X. Associations among depressive and anxious symptoms, fear of missing out, and problematic smartphone use severity among Chinese adolescents: A three-wave random-intercept cross-lagged panel analysis. Psychol Res Behav Manage. 2025;18:1347\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S529993.","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manage"},{"issue":"3","key":"5167_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2024.11.004","volume":"3","author":"GI Teresi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Teresi GI, Davis M, Williamson AA, Young JF, Merranko JA, Goldstein TR. Sleep disturbances are associated with depressive symptoms and suicidality among adolescents in pediatric primary care. JAACAP Open. 2025;3(3):589\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaacop.2024.11.004.","journal-title":"JAACAP Open"},{"key":"5167_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S419991","volume":"16","author":"K Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li K, Ren X, Ren L, Tan X, Zhao M, Liu C, Wang S, Dai Q. The ripple effect: Unveiling the bidirectional relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms in medical cadets. Psychol Res Behav Manage. 2023;16:3399\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S419991.","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manage"},{"key":"5167_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Xu H, Zhang R, Yan Y, Ling X, Meng Y, Li H, Wang Y, Wang Y. Frailty and depressive symptoms in relation to cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged and older adults. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1). Article 6008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-61089-2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61089-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"5167_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038889","volume":"20","author":"EL Hamaker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hamaker EL, Kuiper RM, Grasman RPPP. A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychol Methods. 2015;20(1):102\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0038889.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"5167_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20375","volume":"16","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borsboom D. A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry. 2017;16(1):5\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20375.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"5167_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617705892","volume":"12","author":"EI Fried","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fried EI, Cramer AOJ. Moving forward: Challenges and directions for psychopathological network theory and methodology. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2017;12(6):999\u20131020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691617705892.","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5167_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2019.1614898","volume":"56","author":"PJ Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones PJ, Ma R, McNally RJ. Bridge centrality: A network approach to understanding comorbidity. Multivar Behav Res. 2021;56(2):353\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00273171.2019.1614898.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"5167_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14105","volume":"66","author":"TC-H Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu TC-H, Lloyd A, Viding E, Fearon P. Examining longitudinal associations between interpersonal outcomes and general psychopathology factors across preadolescence using random intercept cross-lagged panel model. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2025;66(7):932\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.14105.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"5167_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83558","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083558","volume":"8","author":"M Kwon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12):e83558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0083558.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"5167_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5167_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s41105-019-00222-3","volume":"17","author":"X Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu X, Yang Y, Liu Z-Z, Luo Y, Fan F, Jia C-X. Psychometric properties of Youth Self-Rating Insomnia Scale (YSIS) in Chinese adolescents. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2019;17(3):339\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41105-019-00222-3.","journal-title":"Sleep Biol Rhythms"},{"issue":"6","key":"5167_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916211059819","volume":"17","author":"DM Isaacowitz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Isaacowitz DM. What do we know about aging and emotion regulation? Perspect Psychol Sci. 2022;17(6):1541\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17456916211059819.","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"5167_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.05.001","volume":"36","author":"K Kushlev","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kushlev K, Leitao MR. The effects of smartphones on well-being: Theoretical integration and research agenda. Curr Opin Psychol. 2020;36:77\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.05.001.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"5167_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3045935","volume":"9","author":"L Meegahapola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meegahapola L, Gatica-Perez D. Smartphone sensing for the well-being of young adults: A review. IEEE Access. 2020;9:3374\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3045935.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"5167_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22498","DOI":"10.2196\/22498","volume":"5","author":"SH Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li SH, Graham BM, Werner-Seidler A. Gender differences in adolescent sleep disturbance and treatment response to smartphone app\u2013delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: Exploratory study. JMIR Formative Res. 2021;5(3):e22498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/22498.","journal-title":"JMIR Formative Res"},{"key":"5167_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965135","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.965135","volume":"10","author":"M Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu M, Lu C. Mobile phone addiction and depressive symptoms among Chinese university students: The mediating role of sleep disturbances and the moderating role of gender. Front Public Health. 2022;10:965135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.965135.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"5167_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114035","volume":"17","author":"S Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng S, Jia C, Wang Y. Only children were associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms among college students in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):4035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17114035.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5167_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2023.107283","volume":"156","author":"M Yichen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yichen M, Chuntian L. Is lifestyle a bridge between perceived social support and depression in Chinese university students? Child Youth Serv Rev. 2024;156:107283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2023.107283.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"5167_CR56","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO. Mplus (Version 8.3) [Computer software]. Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n; 2017."},{"key":"5167_CR57","unstructured":"R Core Team.. R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2024. https:\/\/www.r-project.org."},{"issue":"3","key":"5167_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","volume":"14","author":"F Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen F. Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model. 2007;14(3):464\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705510701301834.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"issue":"4","key":"5167_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000358","volume":"120","author":"U Orth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orth U, Clark DA, Donnellan MB, Robins RW. Testing prospective effects in longitudinal research: Comparing seven competing cross-lagged models. J Personal Soc Psychol. 2021;120(4):1013\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspp0000358.","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5167_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-024-02078-4","volume":"54","author":"S Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen S, Liao J, Ran F, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang W. Longitudinal associations between future time perspective, sleep problems, and depressive symptoms among Chinese college students: Between- and within-person effects. J Youth Adolesc. 2025;54(2):480\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-024-02078-4.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"5","key":"5167_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013193","volume":"95","author":"FF Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen FF. What happens if we compare chopsticks with forks? The impact of making inappropriate comparisons in cross-cultural research. J Personal Soc Psychol. 2008;95(5):1005\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0013193.","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5167_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","volume":"9","author":"GW Cheung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J. 2002;9(2):233\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5.","journal-title":"Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J"},{"issue":"2","key":"5167_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000499","volume":"29","author":"U Orth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Orth U, Meier LL, B\u00fchler JL, Dapp LC, Krauss S, Messerli D, Robins RW. Effect size guidelines for cross-lagged effects. Psychol Methods. 2024;29(2):421\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000499.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"5167_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i01","volume":"33","author":"JH Friedman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Friedman JH, Hastie T, Tibshirani R. Regularization paths for generalized linear models via coordinate descent. J Stat Softw. 2010;33(1):1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v033.i01.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"4","key":"5167_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","volume":"48","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Cramer AOJ, Waldorp LJ, Schmittmann VD, Borsboom D. qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. J Stat Softw. 2012;48(4):1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i04.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"5167_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","volume":"50","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Borsboom D, Fried EI. Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behav Res Methods. 2018;50(1):195\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"5167_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.46661\/ijeri.10936","volume":"21","author":"I Zeb","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeb I, Khan A, Yan Z. Smartphone addiction and its impact on students\u2019 mental health. IJERI: Int J Educational Res Innov. 2024;21:119\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46661\/ijeri.10936.","journal-title":"IJERI: Int J Educational Res Innov"},{"key":"5167_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu W, Zhang Y, Lan Y, Song X. Smartphone dependence and its influence on physical and mental health. Front Psychiatry. 2025;16. Article 1281841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1281841.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1281841"},{"issue":"4","key":"5167_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2020.1784738","volume":"28","author":"JD Mulder","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mulder JD, Hamaker EL. Three extensions of the random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J. 2021;28(4):638\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2020.1784738.","journal-title":"Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J"},{"key":"5167_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2024.102435","volume":"110","author":"F Falkenstr\u00f6m","year":"2024","unstructured":"Falkenstr\u00f6m F. Time-lagged panel models in psychotherapy process and mechanisms of change research: Methodological challenges and advances. Clin Psychol Rev. 2024;110:102435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2024.102435.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"5167_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2019.1596823","volume":"25","author":"MC Pascoe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pascoe MC, Hetrick SE, Parker AG. The impact of stress on students in secondary school and higher education. Int J Adolescence Youth. 2020;25(1):104\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02673843.2019.1596823.","journal-title":"Int J Adolescence Youth"},{"key":"5167_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00352","volume":"11","author":"Q Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang Q, Li Y, Huang S, Qi J, Shao T, Chen X, Chen H. Smartphone use and sleep quality in Chinese college students: A preliminary study. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00352.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"5167_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106552","volume":"111","author":"MX Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang MX, Wu AMS. Effects of smartphone addiction on sleep quality among Chinese university students: The mediating role of self-regulation and bedtime procrastination. Addict Behav. 2020;111:106552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106552.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"5167_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/14659890500114359","volume":"10","author":"M Griffiths","year":"2005","unstructured":"Griffiths M. A components model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. J Subst Use. 2005;10(4):191\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14659890500114359.","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"key":"5167_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.039","volume":"63","author":"L Pavia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pavia L, Cavani P, Di Blasi M, Giordano C. Smartphone addiction inventory (SPAI): Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;63:170\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.039.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"5167_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li J, Yang H. Unveiling the grip of mobile phone addiction: An in-depth review. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15. Article 1384840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1384840.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1384840"},{"key":"5167_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.08.030","volume":"207","author":"JD Elhai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:251\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2016.08.030.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"5167_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.06.013","volume":"100","author":"E Pivetta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pivetta E, Harkin L, Billieux J, Kanjo E, Kuss DJ. Problematic smartphone use: An empirically validated model. Comput Hum Behav. 2019;100:105\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2019.06.013.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"5167_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Katevas K, Arapakis I, Pielot M. (2018). Typical phone use habits: Intense use does not predict negative well-being. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (pp. 1\u201313). Association for Computing Machinery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3229434.3229441.","DOI":"10.1145\/3229434.3229441"},{"issue":"9","key":"5167_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00034-1","volume":"8","author":"JJ Crouse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crouse JJ, Carpenter JS, Song YJC, Hockey SJ, Naismith SL, Grunstein RR, Hickie IB, Scott EM. Circadian rhythm sleep\u2013wake disturbances and depression in young people: Implications for prevention and early intervention. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8(9):813\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00034-1.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"5167_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0411-y","volume":"45","author":"D Riemann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riemann D, Krone LB, Wulff K, Nissen C. Sleep, insomnia, and depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45(1):74\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-019-0411-y.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"5167_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.02.003","volume":"24","author":"E Ben Simon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ben Simon E, Vallat R, Barnes CM, Walker MP. Sleep loss and the socio-emotional brain. Trends Cogn Sci. 2020;24(6):435\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2020.02.003.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"5167_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00605","volume":"8","author":"HH Wilmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilmer HH, Sherman LE, Chein JM. Smartphones and cognition: A review of research exploring the links between mobile technology habits and cognitive functioning. Front Psychol. 2017;8:605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00605.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5167_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7445","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127445","volume":"19","author":"RA Fabio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fabio RA, Stracuzzi A, Lo Faro R. Problematic smartphone use leads to behavioral and cognitive self-control deficits. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(12):7445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19127445.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5167_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000378","volume":"31","author":"MJ Knight","year":"2018","unstructured":"Knight MJ, Baune BT. Cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2018;31(1):26\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000378.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"5167_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s41105-022-00439-9","volume":"21","author":"J Kong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kong J, Zhou L, Li X, Ren Q. Sleep disorders affect cognitive function in adults: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2023;21(2):133\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41105-022-00439-9.","journal-title":"Sleep Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"5167_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.05.011","volume":"335","author":"P Cuijpers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cuijpers P, Miguel C, Harrer M, Plessen CY, Ciharova M, Papola D, Karyotaki E, Furukawa TA. Psychological treatment of depression: A systematic overview of a meta-analytic research domain. J Affect Disord. 2023;335:141\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2023.05.011.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"5167_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.10.011","volume":"59","author":"SB Goldberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goldberg SB, Tucker RP, Greene PA, Davidson RJ, Wampold BE, Kearney DJ, Simpson TL. Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;59:52\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.10.011.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05167-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05167-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05167-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T20:11:18Z","timestamp":1787343078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05167-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05167-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Psychology, South China Normal University (Approval No.: SCNU-PSY-2023-345). All procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1242"}}