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Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. All interviews and assessments were conducted in private settings by trained clinical psychology researchers using a trauma-informed and culturally sensitive approach. Because the study involved trauma-exposed refugee families, participants were allowed to pause, skip questions, or discontinue participation if distress emerged during the assessment process. All data were anonymized during transcription and analysis, and confidentiality was maintained throughout the study in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.Written informed consent was obtained from all participating mothers prior to participation in the study, and age-appropriate assent was obtained from all participating children. 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