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This study aimed to compare depression, anxiety, stress, and post\u2011traumatic stress symptoms between firefighters and residents living in a recurrent wildfire area in southern Thailand, and to identify factors associated with these outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross\u2011sectional survey was conducted among 108 wildland firefighters and 1,090 residents in communities surrounding Kuan Kreng Peat Swamp. Mental health symptoms were assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales\u201121 and the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist for DSM\u20115, and bivariate analyses plus multivariable logistic regression were used to examine associations with sociodemographic characteristics and wildfire experiences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalences of abnormal scores of depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD symptoms were 14.8%, 21.8%, 5.9%, and 4.9%, respectively. The prevalences did not differ significantly between firefighters and residents. However, residents had higher median PTSD symptom scores, suggesting a greater subclinical PTSD burden. Experiencing actual or threatened death or serious injury was strongly associated with all four outcomes, with adjusted odds ratios of 2.68 for depression, 3.73 for anxiety, 3.13 for stress, and 8.20 for probable PTSD. A dose\u2013response pattern was observed for wildfire\u2011related health concerns: compared with no concern, severe\u2013extremely severe concern was associated with roughly two\u2011 to four\u2011fold higher adjusted odds of depression, anxiety, and stress, and more than five\u2011fold higher odds of probable PTSD. Shorter time since the most recent wildfire was linked to higher odds of depression and stress, and firefighters showed lower adjusted odds of depression than residents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wildland firefighters and residents in this recurrent wildfire area showed similarly elevated prevalences of screen\u2011positive depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD, although residents reported a greater overall PTSD symptom burden. Individuals with life\u2011threatening wildfire experiences, recent exposure, and intense wildfire\u2011related health concerns represent key priority groups for screening and psychosocial support, underscoring the need for integrated mental health strategies within wildfire preparedness and recovery efforts in resource\u2011limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-05237-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T13:16:12Z","timestamp":1784985372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms among wildland firefighters and local residents in recurrent wildfire areas"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kanthee","family":"Anantapong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9749-7137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thitiworn","family":"Choosong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siriporn","family":"Thaiyapongsakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thammasin","family":"Ingviya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udomsak","family":"Saengow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"5237_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e230","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2024.150","volume":"18","author":"ZA Mani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mani ZA, Khorram-Manesh A, Goniewicz K. 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