{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:10:02Z","timestamp":1790259002884,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-05450-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:03:36Z","timestamp":1789463016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multivariate modeling of organizational dynamics and faculty well-being in higher education"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Cristhian George","family":"Alave Mamani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Tocto-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronny Ivan","family":"Gonzales Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier Linkolk","family":"L\u00f3pez-Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1066-6389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josue Edison","family":"Turpo-Chaparro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"5450_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuci\u0144ska-Landw\u00f3jtowicz, A, Czabak-G\u00f3rska, ID, Domingues, P, Sampaio, P, Ferradaz de Carvalho, C: Organizational maturity models: The leading research fields and opportunities for further studies. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print) (2023) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJQRM-12-2022-0360","DOI":"10.1108\/IJQRM-12-2022-0360"},{"key":"5450_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.18175\/VyS16.1.2025.4","volume":"16","author":"A Cano-Cuervo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cano-Cuervo A, Bastidas-Benavides J-A, Rey-\u00c1lvarez J-M, Ni\u00f1o-Mora K-Y. Liderazgo en educaci\u00f3n superior: una perspectiva de profesores directores en la facultad de ingeniera de la universidad de los andes (colombia). Voces y Silencios. Revista Latinoamericana de Educaci\u00f3n. 2025;16:66\u201389.","journal-title":"Voces y Silencios. Revista Latinoamericana de Educaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"5450_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCMA-05-2022-0098","volume":"34","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmad S, Islam T, D\u2019Cruz P, Noronha E. Caring for those in your charge: the role of servant leadership and compassion in managing bullying in the workplace. Int J Confl Manag. 2023;34:125\u201349.","journal-title":"Int J Confl Manag"},{"key":"5450_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil-Monte, PR, Espejo, B, Checa, I, Gil-LaOrden, P: The role of transformational leadership in prevention of workplace bullying and psychosomatic disorders in non-university women teachers. Int J Bullying Prev, 1-13 (2025).","DOI":"10.1007\/s42380-025-00322-4"},{"key":"5450_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-020-01618-2","volume":"94","author":"MB Nielsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nielsen MB, Pallesen S, Einarsen SV, Harris A, Rajalingam D, Gjerstad J. Associations between exposure to workplace bullying and insomnia: A cross-lagged prospective study of causal directions. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2021;94:1003\u201311.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"5450_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s12564-017-9499-0","volume":"18","author":"MA Henning","year":"2017","unstructured":"Henning MA, Zhou C, Adams P, Moir F, Hobson J, Hallett C, Webster CS. Workplace harassment among staff in higher education: a systematic review. Asia Pac Edu Rev. 2017;18:521\u201339.","journal-title":"Asia Pac Edu Rev"},{"key":"5450_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760701756946","volume":"3","author":"W Pavot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pavot W, Diener E. The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. J Posit Psychol. 2008;3:137\u201352.","journal-title":"J Posit Psychol"},{"key":"5450_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5287922","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5287922","volume":"2022","author":"H Meng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meng H. Analysis of the relationship between transformational leadership and educational management in higher education based on deep learning. Comput Intell Neurosci. 2022;2022:5287922.","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"key":"5450_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.71068\/6t2jwv06","volume":"2","author":"PAV Calvas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Calvas PAV, G\u00f3mez ME, Bastidas MAG, Ochoa AdPN. Liderazgo transformacional y su influencia en la innovaci\u00f3n acad\u00e9mica en instituciones de educaci\u00f3n superior. Sapiens High Educ. 2025;2:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Sapiens High Educ"},{"key":"5450_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.26885\/rcei.13.2.149","volume":"13","author":"A Ayala","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ayala A. La influencia del liderazgo transformacional en la gesti\u00f3n educativa. Revista Cientfica Estudios e Investigaciones. 2024;13:149\u201364.","journal-title":"Revista Cientfica Estudios e Investigaciones"},{"key":"5450_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/1360080X.2020.1774036","volume":"42","author":"M Aboramadan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aboramadan M, Dahleez K, Hamad M. Servant leadership and academics\u2019 engagement in higher education: Mediation analysis. J High Educ Policy Manag. 2020;42:617\u201333.","journal-title":"J High Educ Policy Manag"},{"key":"5450_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167074","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1167074","volume":"14","author":"R Quinteros-Durand","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quinteros-Durand R, Almanza-Cabe RB, Morales-Garca WC, Mamani-Benito O, Sairitupa-Sanchez LZ, Pu\u00f1o-Quispe L, Saintila J, Saavedra-Sandoval R, Paredes AF, Ramrez-Coronel AA. Influence of servant leadership on the life satisfaction of basic education teachers: the mediating role of satisfaction with job resources. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1167074.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"5450_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scaman.2023.101298","volume":"39","author":"F Ashfaq","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ashfaq F, Abid G, Ilyas S. Transformational leadership and life satisfaction: The sequential mediation model of organizational trust and proactive behavior. Scand J Manag. 2023;39:101298.","journal-title":"Scand J Manag"},{"key":"5450_CR14","unstructured":"Bandura, A: Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control vol. 11. Freeman (1997)."},{"key":"5450_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940710733115","volume":"22","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bakker AB, Demerouti E. The job demands-resources model: State of the art. J Manag Psychol. 2007;22:309\u201328.","journal-title":"J Manag Psychol"},{"key":"5450_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6423","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126423","volume":"18","author":"MA Zainal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zainal MA, Mohd Matore MEE. The influence of teachers\u2019 self-efficacy and school leaders\u2019 transformational leadership practices on teachers\u2019 innovative behaviour. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:6423.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5450_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1086\/651257","volume":"37","author":"X Zhao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhao X, Lynch JG, Chen Q. Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. J Consum Res. 2010;37:197\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/651257","journal-title":"J Consum Res"},{"key":"5450_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCMA-03-2023-0047","volume":"34","author":"P Stapinski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stapinski P, Bj\u00f8rkelo B, D\u2019Cruz P, Mikkelsen EG, Gamian-Wilk M. A role that takes its toll? the moderating role of leadership in role stress and exposure to workplace bullying. Int J Confl Manag. 2023;34:1041\u201358.","journal-title":"Int J Confl Manag"},{"key":"5450_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14090990","volume":"14","author":"X Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo X, Alias BS, Adnan NH. Exploring the interplay between teacher leadership and self-efficacy: A systematic literature review (2013-2024). Educ Sci. 2024;14:990.","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"key":"5450_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7240","DOI":"10.37811\/cl_rcm.v7i3.6715","volume":"7","author":"APG Bernnet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bernnet APG. El liderazgo directivo en la satisfacci\u00f3n laboral de los docentes de una universidad privada, lima 2023. Ciencia Latina Revista Cientfica Multidisciplinar. 2023;7:7240\u201362.","journal-title":"Ciencia Latina Revista Cientfica Multidisciplinar"},{"key":"5450_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6646","DOI":"10.37811\/cl_rcm.v7i5.8255","volume":"7","author":"JFL Viana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Viana JFL. Liderazgo transformacional en escuelas y colegios de colombia. Ciencia Latina: Revista Multidisciplinar. 2023;7:6646\u201365.","journal-title":"Ciencia Latina: Revista Multidisciplinar"},{"key":"5450_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.63371\/ic.v4.n4.a401","volume":"4","author":"SAS Rodrguez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rodrguez SAS, Reyes MCC, Uvalle ILdJL, Daz RCL. Liderazgo transformacional en el fortalecimiento de polticas y programas en la educaci\u00f3n superior: Un estudio de casos en instituciones de am\u00e9rica latina. Ibero Ciencias-Revista Cientfica y Acad\u00e9mica-ISSN 3072-7197. 2025;4:666\u201385.","journal-title":"Ibero Ciencias-Revista Cientfica y Acad\u00e9mica-ISSN 3072-7197"},{"key":"5450_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03177-y","volume":"13","author":"X Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li X, Pei X, Zhao J. Intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy as pathways to innovative teaching: A mixed-methods study of faculty in Chinese higher education. BMC Psychol. 2025;13:859.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"key":"5450_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","volume":"9","author":"GW Cheung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model: A Multidiscip J. 2002;9:233\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model: A Multidiscip J"},{"key":"5450_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","volume":"14","author":"FF Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen FF. Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model: A Multidiscip J. 2007;14:464\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705510701301834","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model: A Multidiscip J"},{"key":"5450_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.9.4.466","volume":"9","author":"DB Flora","year":"2004","unstructured":"Flora DB, Curran PJ. An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychol Methods. 2004;9:466\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.9.4.466","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"5450_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0619-7","volume":"48","author":"C-H Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li C-H. Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behav Res Methods. 2016;48:936\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-015-0619-7","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"5450_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532754xjprr1602_2","volume":"16","author":"L Aldoory","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aldoory L, Toth E. Leadership and gender in public relations: Perceived effectiveness of transformational and transactional leadership styles. J Public Relat Res. 2004;16:157\u201383.","journal-title":"J Public Relat Res"},{"key":"5450_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/02134748.2017.1292701","volume":"32","author":"RG Rivera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rivera RG, Santos D, Martn-Fern\u00e1ndez M. Spanish validation of the servant leadership short scale for young adults and adolescents \/ validaci\u00f3n de la escala de liderazgo de servicio versi\u00f3n abreviada en espa\u00f1ol para j\u00f3venes adultos y adolescentes. Int J Soc Psychol. 2017;32:395\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02134748.2017.1292701","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"5450_CR30","first-page":"51","volume":"10","author":"L Maffei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maffei L, Spont\u00f3n C, Spont\u00f3n M, Castellano E, Medrano LA. Adaptacion del cuestionario de autoeficacia profesional (au-10) a la poblacion de trabajadores cordobeses. Pensamiento Psicol\u00f3gico. 2012;10:51\u201362.","journal-title":"Pensamiento Psicol\u00f3gico"},{"key":"5450_CR31","first-page":"314","volume":"12","author":"FL Atienza","year":"2000","unstructured":"Atienza FL, Pons D, Balaguer I, Merita MG. Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas de la escala de satisfacci\u00f3n con la vida en adolescentes. Psicothema. 2000;12:314\u20139.","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"5450_CR32","first-page":"41","volume":"40","author":"PR Gil-Monte","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gil-Monte PR, Espejo B, Checa I, Gil-LaOrden P. Mobbing as a predictor of health risk behaviours and seeking specialist support in non-university teachers. Revista de Psicologa del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones. 2024;40:41\u201349.","journal-title":"Revista de Psicologa del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones"},{"key":"5450_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-016-9506-0","volume":"81","author":"H Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu H, Estabrook R. Identification of confirmatory factor analysis models of different levels of invariance for ordered categorical outcomes. Psychometrika. 2016;81:1014\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11336-016-9506-0","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"5450_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-009-9135-y","volume":"75","author":"A Satorra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Satorra A, Bentler PM. Ensuring positiveness of the scaled difference chi-square test statistic. Psychometrika. 2010;75:243\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11336-009-9135-y","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"5450_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1108\/JEA-02-2025-0062","volume":"63","author":"MS Bellibas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bellibas MS, Ozkul R, Karacabey MF, Polatcan M. Distributed leadership strengthening the role of transformational leadership in enhancing teacher psychological capital and well-being. J Educ Adm. 2025;63:505\u201319.","journal-title":"J Educ Adm"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05450-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05450-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05450-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:55:08Z","timestamp":1790258108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05450-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05450-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Ethics Committee of the Graduate School of the Peruvian Union University granted formal approval (EPG number: 00281). Written informed consent was obtained virtually from each participant, in accordance with the Ethics Committee\u2019s approval. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1387"}}