{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:04:59Z","timestamp":1789380299444,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013139","name":"Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25YJCZH397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25YJCZH397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013139","name":"Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24YJCZH010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJCZH010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Support Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025NSFSC2101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025NSFSC2101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sichuan Research Center for Sexual Sociology and Sex Education","award":["SXJYB2402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXJYB2402"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-05500-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:36:38Z","timestamp":1788280598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of a brief sexual-orientation-focused instructional intervention incorporating critical-thinking elements on immediate self-reported prejudice against lesbians and gay men: Baseline-adjusted evidence from a randomized experiment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Quan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingyu","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5500_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00051","volume":"9","author":"GM Herek","year":"2000","unstructured":"Herek GM. The psychology of sexual prejudice. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2000;9(1):19\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8721.00051.","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5500_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1525\/srsp.2004.1.2.6","volume":"1","author":"GM Herek","year":"2004","unstructured":"Herek GM. Beyond homophobia: Thinking about sexual prejudice and stigma in the twenty-first century. Sex Res Soc Policy. 2004;1(2):6\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/srsp.2004.1.2.6.","journal-title":"Sex Res Soc Policy"},{"key":"5500_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143826","volume":"64","author":"GM Herek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Herek GM, McLemore KA. Sexual prejudice. Annu Rev Psychol. 2013;64:309\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143826.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"5500_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106728","volume":"119","author":"M G\u00e1mez-Guadix","year":"2021","unstructured":"G\u00e1mez-Guadix M, Incera D. Homophobia is online: Sexual victimization and risks on the internet and mental health among bisexual, homosexual, pansexual, asexual, and queer adolescents. Comput Hum Behav. 2021;119:106728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106728","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"5500_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2018.1547558","volume":"67","author":"X Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi X, Xu W, Zheng Y. Heterosexual marital intention: Effects of internalized homophobia, homosexual identity, perceived family support, and disclosure among Chinese gay and bisexual men. J Homosex. 2020;67(4):452\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00918369.2018.1547558.","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"issue":"2","key":"5500_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-019-01528-6","volume":"49","author":"G Wen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wen G, Zheng L. Relationship status and marital intention among Chinese gay men and lesbians: The influences of minority stress and culture-specific stress. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49(2):681\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-019-01528-6.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"5500_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2011.540182","volume":"58","author":"Y Yu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yu Y, Xiao S, Xiang Y. Application and testing the reliability and validity of a modified version of Herek\u2019s Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale in China. J Homosex. 2011;58(2):263\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00918369.2011.540182.","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"5500_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107021","volume":"127","author":"Q Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng Q, Guo Y, Wang Z, Andrasik F, Kuang Z, Li J, et al. Exploring Weibo users\u2019 attitudes toward lesbians and gays in mainland China: A natural language processing and machine learning approach. Comput Hum Behav. 2022;127:107021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107021.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"5500_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/21620555.2019.1654368","volume":"52","author":"M Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou M, Hu T. Social tolerance of homosexuality: A quantitative comparison of mainland China, Singapore, and Taiwan. Chin Sociol Rev. 2020;52(1):27\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21620555.2019.1654368.","journal-title":"Chin Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"5500_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1071\/SH20122","volume":"18","author":"L Ruan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruan L, Zhao R, Ong JJ, Fu X, Xiong Y, Chen Y, et al. A national survey of HIV knowledge, sexual practices and attitude towards homosexuality for HIV elimination among young people in China. Sex Health. 2021;18(1):64\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/SH20122.","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"5500_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP2049","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539513475655","volume":"27","author":"X Chi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chi X, Hawk ST, Winter S, Meeus W. The effect of comprehensive sexual education program on sexual health knowledge and sexual attitude among college students in Southwest China. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(2):NP2049\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1010539513475655.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"5500_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2013.871625","volume":"51","author":"SE Barto\u015f","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barto\u015f SE, Berger I, Hegarty P. Interventions to reduce sexual prejudice: A study-space analysis and meta-analytic review. J Sex Res. 2014;51(4):363\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499.2013.871625","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"5500_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607","volume":"60","author":"EL Paluck","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paluck EL, Green DP. Prejudice reduction: What works? A review and assessment of research and practice. Annu Rev Psychol. 2009;60:339\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"5500_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-071620-030619","volume":"72","author":"EL Paluck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paluck EL, Porat R, Clark CS, Green DP. Prejudice reduction: Progress and challenges. Annu Rev Psychol. 2021;72:533\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-071620-030619.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5500_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1080\/00131857.2020.1811680","volume":"53","author":"L Zaphir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zaphir L. Rationality, bias, and prejudice: Developing citizens\u2019 ability to engage in inquiry. Educ Philos Theory. 2021;53(11):1161\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00131857.2020.1811680.","journal-title":"Educ Philos Theory"},{"key":"5500_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2024.112611","volume":"223","author":"SR Mallinas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mallinas SR, Plant EA. A multidimensional approach to sexual prejudice: Examining the unique roles of moral disapproval and outgroup antipathy. Pers Individ Dif. 2024;223:112611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2024.112611.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"5500_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(01)80004-6","volume":"33","author":"J Duckitt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Duckitt J. A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. 2001;33:41\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-2601(01)80004-6.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5500_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2010.00672.x","volume":"78","author":"J Duckitt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Duckitt J, Sibley CG. Personality, ideology, prejudice, and politics: A dual-process motivational model. J Pers. 2010;78(6):1861\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2010.00672.x.","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"issue":"1","key":"5500_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.83.1.75","volume":"83","author":"J Duckitt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Duckitt J, Wagner C, du Plessis I, Birum I. The psychological bases of ideology and prejudice: Testing a dual process model. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;83(1):75\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.83.1.75.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"5500_CR20","volume-title":"Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction. Research Findings and Recommendations.","author":"PA Facione","year":"1990","unstructured":"Facione PA. Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction. Research Findings and Recommendations. Millbrae (CA): California Academic Press; 1990."},{"issue":"1","key":"5500_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ets2.12009","volume":"2014","author":"OL Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu OL, Frankel L, Roohr KC. Assessing critical thinking in higher education: Current state and directions for next-generation assessment. ETS Res Rep Ser. 2014;2014(1):1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ets2.12009.","journal-title":"ETS Res Rep Ser"},{"issue":"4","key":"5500_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654308326084","volume":"78","author":"PC Abrami","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abrami PC, Bernard RM, Borokhovski E, Wade A, Surkes MA, Tamim R, et al. Instructional interventions affecting critical thinking skills and dispositions: A stage 1 meta-analysis. Rev Educ Res. 2008;78(4):1102\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0034654308326084.","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5500_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654314551063","volume":"85","author":"PC Abrami","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abrami PC, Bernard RM, Borokhovski E, Waddington DI, Wade CA, Persson T. Strategies for teaching students to think critically: A meta-analysis. Rev Educ Res. 2015;85(2):275\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0034654314551063.","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5500_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X019004010","volume":"19","author":"JE McPeck","year":"1990","unstructured":"McPeck JE. Critical thinking and subject specificity: A reply to Ennis. Educ Res. 1990;19(4):10\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0013189X019004010.","journal-title":"Educ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5500_CR25","first-page":"280","volume":"52","author":"D Walsh","year":"1988","unstructured":"Walsh D. Critical thinking to reduce prejudice. Soc Educ. 1988;52(4):280\u20132.","journal-title":"Soc Educ"},{"key":"5500_CR26","first-page":"98","volume-title":"Meeting the standards: Social studies readings for K\u20136 educators","author":"D Walsh","year":"1997","unstructured":"Walsh D. Critical thinking to reduce prejudice. In: Haas ME, Laughlin MA, editors. Meeting the standards: Social studies readings for K\u20136 educators. Washington (DC): National Council for the Social Studies; 1997. pp. 98\u2013101."},{"issue":"2","key":"5500_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611421206","volume":"23","author":"G Hodson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hodson G, Busseri MA. Bright minds and dark attitudes: Lower cognitive ability predicts greater prejudice through right-wing ideology and low intergroup contact. Psychol Sci. 2012;23(2):187\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797611421206.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"5500_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-015-0257-5","volume":"44","author":"VP Poteat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poteat VP. Individual psychological factors and complex interpersonal conditions that predict LGBT-affirming behavior. J Youth Adolesc. 2015;44(8):1494\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-015-0257-5.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"5","key":"5500_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.5.751","volume":"90","author":"TF Pettigrew","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pettigrew TF, Tropp LR. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2006;90(5):751\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.90.5.751.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5500_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/00224498809551476","volume":"25","author":"GM Herek","year":"1988","unstructured":"Herek GM. Heterosexuals\u2019 attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences. J Sex Res. 1988;25(4):451\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224498809551476.","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"5500_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073018-022332","volume":"45","author":"A Adamczyk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adamczyk A, Liao YC. Examining public opinion about LGBTQ-related issues in the United States and across multiple nations. Annu Rev Sociol. 2019;45:401\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-soc-073018-022332.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5500_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"5500_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang A-G. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41(4):1149\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"5500_CR34","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.","edition":"2"},{"key":"5500_CR35","volume-title":"Answers to your questions: For a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality","author":"American Psychological Association","year":"2008","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. Answers to your questions: For a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association; 2008."},{"key":"5500_CR36","volume-title":"The miniature guide to critical thinking concepts and tools","author":"R Paul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paul R, Elder L. The miniature guide to critical thinking concepts and tools. 8th ed. Lanham (MD): Rowman & Littlefield; 2019."},{"key":"5500_CR37","volume-title":"Asking the right questions: A guide to critical thinking","author":"MN Browne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Browne MN, Keeley SM. Asking the right questions: A guide to critical thinking. 11th ed. Boston (MA): Pearson; 2014.","edition":"11"},{"issue":"9","key":"5500_CR38","first-page":"644","volume":"39","author":"M Peng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Peng M, Wang G, Chen J, Chen M, Bai H, Li S, et al. Validity and reliability of the Chinese Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory. Chin J Nurs. 2004;39(9):644\u20137.","journal-title":"Chin J Nurs"},{"issue":"7321","key":"5500_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7321.1123","volume":"323","author":"AJ Vickers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vickers AJ, Altman DG. Analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow up measurements. BMJ. 2001;323(7321):1123\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.323.7321.1123.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"5500_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.02.007","volume":"59","author":"GJP van Breukelen","year":"2006","unstructured":"van Breukelen GJP. ANCOVA versus change from baseline had more power in randomized studies and more bias in nonrandomized studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2006;59(9):920\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.02.007.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"5500_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2682","volume":"25","author":"S Senn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Senn S. Change from baseline and analysis of covariance revisited. Stat Med. 2006;25(24):4334\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.2682.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5500_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.4.558","volume":"112","author":"DA Cole","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cole DA, Maxwell SE. Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. J Abnorm Psychol. 2003;112(4):558\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.112.4.558.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5500_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.12.1.23","volume":"12","author":"SE Maxwell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maxwell SE, Cole DA. Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychol Methods. 2007;12(1):23\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.12.1.23.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"5500_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043424","volume":"17","author":"MT Orne","year":"1962","unstructured":"Orne MT. On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. Am Psychol. 1962;17(11):776\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0043424.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5500_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691613491271","volume":"8","author":"WR Boot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boot WR, Simons DJ, Stothart C, Stutts C. The pervasive problem with placebos in psychology: Why active control groups are not sufficient to rule out placebo effects. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2013;8(4):445\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691613491271.","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5500_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1037\/h0047358","volume":"24","author":"DP Crowne","year":"1960","unstructured":"Crowne DP, Marlowe D. A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. J Consult Psychol. 1960;24(4):349\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0047358.","journal-title":"J Consult Psychol"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05500-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05500-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05500-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:27:15Z","timestamp":1789378035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05500-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05500-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines for research with human participants. It was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Central China Normal University (No. CCNU-IRB-202210010b). The approval covered research design and methods, participant recruitment, human-subjects risks and protections, and privacy and confidentiality provisions. Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants before participation. Participants were presented with a digital consent form describing the study\u2019s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, data-confidentiality protections, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and were required to confirm their understanding and agreement before proceeding. No vulnerable populations were involved, and all data were anonymized to ensure confidentiality.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1335"}}