{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:52:30Z","timestamp":1792068750463,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mental health symptoms are closely linked to social relationships, yet most research examines social connectedness through stable ties or retrospective reports. Less is known about how symptoms are associated with the unfolding micro-dynamics of everyday interaction. This exploratory study examined whether depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and ADHD symptoms were differentially associated with face-to-face contact and received emotional support among university students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data came from the PeerSmart Network Study, an intensive longitudinal social network study combining smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment with roster-based sociometric measurement. Thirty-eight students from two bounded academic cohorts completed baseline mental health measures and participated in a seven-day assessment period with three prompts per day, contributing 657 short surveys. At each prompt, participants reported face-to-face contacts lasting at least five minutes and received emotional support since the previous survey. Given the intensive but small-scale design, the analyses were intended to model micro-level interaction processes within bounded peer contexts rather than to estimate population-level associations. Dynamic Network Actor Models were estimated separately for the bachelor and master cohorts. Received emotional support was modelled as a directed event process, whereas face-to-face contact was modelled as an undirected coordination process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mental health symptom levels were more consistently associated with received emotional support than with general face-to-face contact. Anxiety symptoms showed a positive association with receiving emotional support in both cohorts. Depressive symptoms were negatively associated with receiving emotional support in the bachelor cohort, and ADHD symptoms were negatively associated with receiving support in both cohorts. In contrast, face-to-face contact showed little evidence of overall involvement differences by symptom level, suggesting that general social exposure was more strongly associated with prior interaction history and opportunity structures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings provide preliminary evidence that mental health symptoms are not uniformly associated with everyday social interaction. Rather, symptom levels appeared to be most relevant for emotionally meaningful support exchanges. These findings highlight the importance of distinguishing general social contact from support-related interaction and suggest that student mental health interventions should attend not only to social connectedness, but also to the concrete contexts in which support is mobilized or missed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-026-05805-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:20:07Z","timestamp":1792066807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mental health symptoms and everyday social interaction among university students: an exploratory intensive longitudinal study of relational events within bounded peer networks"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4648-922X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heike","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5805_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/2156869312445211","volume":"2","author":"JE Cheadle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cheadle JE, Goosby BJ. The Small-school Friendship Dynamics of Adolescent Depressive Symptoms. Soc Mental Health. 2012;2(2):99\u2013119.","journal-title":"Soc Mental Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"5805_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122411420813","volume":"76","author":"DR Schaefer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schaefer DR, Kornienko O, Fox AM. Misery does not love company: Network selection mechanisms and depression homophily. Am Sociol Rev. 2011;76(5):764\u201385.","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"5805_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/78.3.458","volume":"78","author":"I Kawachi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kawachi I, Berkman LF. Social ties and mental health. J Urb Health. 2001;78(3):458\u201367.","journal-title":"J Urb Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"5805_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510395592","volume":"52","author":"PA Thoits","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thoits PA. Mechanisms Linking Social Ties and Support to Physical and Mental Health. J Health Soc Behav. 2011;52(2):145\u201361.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"5805_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.06.013","volume":"50","author":"N Kiuru","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kiuru N, Burk WJ, Laursen B, Nurmi JE, Salmela-Aro K. Is depression contagious? A test of alternative peer socialization mechanisms of depressive symptoms in adolescent peer networks. J Adolesc Health. 2012;50(3):250\u20135.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"5805_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.10.112","volume":"345","author":"L De Risio","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Risio L, Pettorruso M, Collevecchio R, Collacchi B, Boffa M, Santorelli M, et al. Staying connected: An umbrella review of meta-analyses on the push-and-pull of social connection in depression. J Affect Disord. 2024;345:358\u201368.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"5805_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1086\/231209","volume":"103","author":"M Emirbayer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Emirbayer M. Manifesto for a Relational Sociology. Am J Sociol. 1997;103(2):281\u2013317.","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"key":"5805_CR8","unstructured":"Beck AT. Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. Haper & Row; 1967."},{"issue":"9, 2013","key":"5805_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185553","volume":"9","author":"JL Hames","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hames JL, Hagan CR, Joiner TE. Interpersonal Processes in Depression. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9(9, 2013):355\u201377.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5805_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.07.006","volume":"24","author":"LE Alden","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alden LE, Taylor CT. Interpersonal processes in social phobia. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004;24(7):857\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"5805_CR11","first-page":"210","volume-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment","author":"JD McQuade","year":"2015","unstructured":"McQuade JD, Hoza B. Peer relationships of children with ADHD. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. 4th ed. New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press; 2015. pp. 210\u201322.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"4","key":"5805_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.10.003","volume":"28","author":"JS Nijmeijer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nijmeijer JS, Minderaa RB, Buitelaar JK, Mulligan A, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ. Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and social dysfunctioning. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(4):692\u2013708.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"5805_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20175","volume":"14","author":"RF Krueger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krueger RF, Eaton NR. Transdiagnostic factors of mental disorders. World Psychiatry. 2015;14(1):27\u20139.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"5805_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105209","volume":"151","author":"CA Hartman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hartman CA, Larsson H, Vos M, Bellato A, Libutzki B, Solberg BS, et al. Anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in adult men and women with and without attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A substantive and methodological overview. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2023;151:105209.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"5805_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1017\/nws.2017.20","volume":"5","author":"T Elmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elmer T, Boda Z, Stadtfeld C. The co-evolution of emotional well-being with weak and strong friendship ties. Netw Sci. 2017;5(3):278\u2013307.","journal-title":"Netw Sci"},{"key":"5805_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girard JM, Cohn JF, Mahoor MH, Mavadati S, Rosenwald DP. Social Risk and Depression: Evidence from Manual and Automatic Facial Expression Analysis. Proc Int Conf Autom Face Gesture Recognit. 2013;1:1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2013.6553748"},{"key":"5805_CR17","unstructured":"Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. Penguin; 1979."},{"issue":"1","key":"5805_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1976.11023874","volume":"39","author":"JC Coyne","year":"1976","unstructured":"Coyne JC. Toward an Interactional Description of Depression. Psychiatry. 1976;39(1):28\u201340.","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"5805_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102275","volume":"75","author":"NA Tonge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tonge NA, Lim MH, Piccirillo ML, Fernandez KC, Langer JK, Rodebaugh TL. Interpersonal problems in social anxiety disorder across different relational contexts. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;75:102275.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"5805_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2019.04.005","volume":"65","author":"KE Shin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shin KE, Newman MG. Self- and other-perceptions of interpersonal problems: Effects of generalized anxiety, social anxiety, and depression. J Anxiety Disord. 2019;65:1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"5805_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-019-0300-5","volume":"7","author":"T Thompson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thompson T, Van Zalk N, Marshall C, Sargeant M, Stubbs B. Social anxiety increases visible anxiety signs during social encounters but does not impair performance. BMC Psychol. 2019;7(1):24.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5805_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2011.10.001","volume":"26","author":"JR Cougle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cougle JR, Fitch KE, Fincham FD, Riccardi CJ, Keough ME, Timpano KR. Excessive reassurance seeking and anxiety pathology: Tests of incremental associations and directionality. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26(1):117\u201325.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"5805_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)E0019-F","volume":"33","author":"EC Winton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Winton EC, Clark DM, Edelmann RJ. Social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and the detection of negative emotion in others. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(2):193\u20136.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"5805_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948401700911","volume":"17","author":"WE Pelham","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pelham WE, Milich R. Peer relations in children with hyperactivity\/attention deficit disorder. J Learn Disabil. 1984;17(9):560\u20137.","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"5805_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsm024","volume":"32","author":"B Hoza","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hoza B. Peer Functioning in Children With ADHD. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007;32(6):655\u201363.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5805_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58297-9","volume":"10","author":"T Elmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elmer T, Stadtfeld C. Depressive symptoms are associated with social isolation in face-to-face interaction networks. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1444.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5805_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.04.015","volume":"125","author":"MC Pachucki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pachucki MC, Ozer EJ, Barrat A, Cattuto C. Mental health and social networks in early adolescence: a dynamic study of objectively-measured social interaction behaviors. Soc Sci Med. 2015;125:40\u201350.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5805_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2008.00203.x","volume":"38","author":"CT Butts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Butts CT. 4. A Relational Event Framework for Social Action. Sociol Methodol. 2008;38(1):155\u2013200.","journal-title":"Sociol Methodol"},{"key":"5805_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.15195\/v4.a14","volume":"4","author":"C Stadtfeld","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stadtfeld C, Block P. Interactions, actors, and time: Dynamic network actor models for relational events. Sociol Sci. 2017;4:318\u201352.","journal-title":"Sociol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5805_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0081175017709295","volume":"47","author":"C Stadtfeld","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stadtfeld C, Hollway J, Block P. Dynamic Network Actor Models: Investigating Coordination Ties through Time. Sociol Methodol. 2017;47(1):1\u201340.","journal-title":"Sociol Methodol"},{"key":"5805_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2020.02.008","volume":"62","author":"H Giese","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giese H, Stok FM, Renner B. Early social exposure and later affiliation processes within an evolving social network. Social Networks. 2020;62:80\u20134.","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"1","key":"5805_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59594-z","volume":"10","author":"Z Boda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boda Z, Elmer T, V\u00f6r\u00f6s A, Stadtfeld C. Short-term and long-term effects of a social network intervention on friendships among university students. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):2889.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"5805_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606\u201313.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"5805_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, L\u00f6we B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5805_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002892","volume":"35","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Faraone S, Hiripi E, et al. The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med. 2005;35(2):245\u201356.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5805_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.208","volume":"16","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Adler LA, Gruber MJ, Sarawate CA, Spencer T, Van Brunt DL. Validity of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener in a representative sample of health plan members. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2007;16(2):52\u201365.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5805_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.415","volume":"27","author":"M McPherson","year":"2001","unstructured":"McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook JM. Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Ann Rev Sociol. 2001;27(1):415\u201344.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Sociol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5805_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2307\/2092623","volume":"25","author":"AW Gouldner","year":"1960","unstructured":"Gouldner AW. The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement. Am Sociol Rev. 1960;25(2):161\u201378.","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"key":"5805_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham BS. Homophily and transitivity in dynamic network formation. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2016.","DOI":"10.3386\/w22186"},{"key":"5805_CR40","unstructured":"Hollway J, Stadtfeld C, Hoffman M, Uzaheta A. goldfish. Statistical Network Models for Dynamic Network Data. R package version 1.6.12.https:\/\/stocnetgithubio\/goldfish\/. 2025."},{"issue":"5","key":"5805_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-015-1883-3","volume":"69","author":"KP Patison","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patison KP, Quintane E, Swain DL, Robins G, Pattison P. Time is of the essence: an application of a relational event model for animal social networks. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 2015;69(5):841\u201355.","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5805_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310","volume":"98","author":"S Cohen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull. 1985;98(2):310\u201357.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"5805_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00922627","volume":"14","author":"M Barrera","year":"1986","unstructured":"Barrera M. Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. Am J Community Psychol. 1986;14(4):413\u201345.","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5805_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2005.07.002","volume":"28","author":"G Kossinets","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kossinets G. Effects of missing data in social networks. Social Networks. 2006;28(3):247\u201368.","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"8","key":"5805_CR45","first-page":"176","volume":"61","author":"EO Laumann","year":"1989","unstructured":"Laumann EO, Marsden PV, Prensky D. The boundary specification problem in network analysis. Res methods social Netw Anal. 1989;61(8):176\u20139.","journal-title":"Res methods social Netw Anal"},{"issue":"4, 2008","key":"5805_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415","volume":"4","author":"S Shiffman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shiffman S, Stone AA, Hufford MR. Ecological Momentary Assessment. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2008;4(4, 2008):1\u201332.","journal-title":"Ann Rev Clin Psychol"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05805-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05805-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05805-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:20:16Z","timestamp":1792066816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05805-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-026-05805-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Interfaculty Ethics Committee of RWTH Aachen University (Reference Number F\u00dcEK: 30\/24). All participants provided informed consent prior to participation. All procedures were performed in accordance with relevant institutional and national ethical guidelines and regulations and with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1487"}}