{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T01:02:45Z","timestamp":1771722165636,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-019-0307-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T15:03:28Z","timestamp":1557155008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Nature and prevalence of adverse drug reaction of antiretroviral medications in Halibet National Referral Hospital: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5540-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidya","family":"Hagos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyoma","family":"Fessehaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Indermeet Singh","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"307_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anwikar SR, Bandekar MS, Smrati B, Pazare AP, Tatke PA, Kshirsagar NA. HAART induced adverse drug reactions: a retrospective analysis at a tertiary referral health care center in India. Inter J Med. 2011:163\u20139.","DOI":"10.3233\/JRS-2011-0532"},{"key":"307_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1086\/588141","volume":"197","author":"TT Vo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vo TT, Ledergerber B, Keiser O, Hirschel B, Furrer H, Battegay M, et al. Swiss HIV cohort study. Durability and outcome of initial antiretroviral treatments received during 2000 \u2013 2005 by patients in the Swiss HIV cohort study. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:1685\u201394.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"307_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00536-8","volume":"16","author":"Tenores study group","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tenores study group. Global epidemiology of drug resistance after failure of WHO recommended first-line regimens for adult HIV-1 infection: a multi-Centre retrospective cohort study global epidemiology. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:565\u201375.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"307_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2010.12.001","volume":"29","author":"P Domingo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Domingo P, Lozano F. Management of antiretroviral drug toxicity. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2011;29(7):535\u201344.","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"307_CR5","unstructured":"WHO. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection; recommendations for a public health approach. 2nd ed. France: WHO; 2016. P. 258, 143."},{"issue":"6","key":"307_CR6","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"LJ Masenyetse","year":"2015","unstructured":"Masenyetse LJ, Manda SO, Mwhambi HG. An assessment of adverse effect reaction among HIV positive patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in South Africa. AIDS Research and Therapy. 2015;12(6):1\u20138.","journal-title":"AIDS Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"307_CR7","first-page":"234","volume":"29","author":"C Orrell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Orrell C. Antiretroviral therapy adverse drug reaction and their management. CME. 2011;29(6):234\u20137.","journal-title":"CME"},{"key":"307_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1086\/521150","volume":"45","author":"R Subbaraman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Subbaraman R, Chaguturu SK, Mayer KH, Flanigan TP, Kumarasamy N. Adverse effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy in developing countries. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1093\u2013101.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"307_CR9","unstructured":"KPMG. The State of Healthcare in Africa. KPMG Africa Limited; 2012 p. 4\u20135 available from: \n                    kpmgafrica.com\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"307_CR10","volume-title":"Health care in Africa: challenges, opportunities and an emerging model for improvement","author":"D Kaseje","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kaseje D. Health care in Africa: challenges, opportunities and an emerging model for improvement; 2006."},{"issue":"2","key":"307_CR11","first-page":"55","volume":"11","author":"I Ofotokun","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ofotokun I, Pomeroy C. Sex difference in adverse effect to ART drug. Int AIDS S US. 2003;11(2):55\u201367.","journal-title":"Int AIDS S US"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"M Russom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Russom M, Tesfai D, Elias M, Teklai M, Bahta I, Ahmed H, et al. Adverse drug reactions among patients admitted to Eritrean hospitals: prevalence, causes and risk factors a prospective analysis of 5848 patients. Symbiosis. 2017;2(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"key":"307_CR13","unstructured":"Marc CS, Maria K and Suzanne RH, editors. WHO Model Formulary 2008.Swizerland: WHO;2008."},{"key":"307_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1981.154","volume":"30","author":"CA Naranjo","year":"1981","unstructured":"Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, Sandor P, Ruiz I, Roberts EA, et al. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981;30:239\u201345.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"307_CR15","unstructured":"ICH Harmonised tripartite guideline. Clinical safety data management definitions and standards for expedited reporting. E2A. Current step 4 version: 1994."},{"issue":"3","key":"307_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91028","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091028","volume":"9","author":"A Shet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shet A, Antony J, Arumugam K, Dodderi SK, Rodrigues R, Decosta A. Influence of adverse drug reactions on treatment success: prospective cohort analysis of HIV-infected individuals initiating first-line antiretroviral therapy in India. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e91028.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"307_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31802bf109","volume":"44","author":"PS Sow","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sow PS, Otieno LF, Bissagnene E, Kityo C, Bennink R, Clevenbergh P, et al. Implementation of an antiretroviral access program for HIV-1-infected individuals in resource-limited settings: clinical results from 4 African countries. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;44(3):262\u20137.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"307_CR18","first-page":"006","volume":"4","author":"OO Reginald","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reginald OO, Haruna MM, Sani GB, Eric TA, Adebola OT, Mathew I, et al. Adverse reactions associated with antiretroviral regimens in adult of a university teaching hospital HIV program in Zaria, northern Nigeria: an observational cohort study. J AntivirAntiretrovir. 2012;4(1):006\u201313.","journal-title":"J AntivirAntiretrovir"},{"key":"307_CR19","first-page":"1","volume":"12\u2013296","author":"MC Prosperi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prosperi MC, Fabbiani M, Fanti L, Zaccarelli M, Colafigli M, Mondi A, et al. Predictors of first-line antiretroviral therapy discontinuation due to drug related adverse event in HIV-infected patients: a retrospective cohort study. Bio Med C. 2012;12\u2013296:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Bio Med C"},{"issue":"2","key":"307_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-3485.111784","volume":"4","author":"KA Agu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Agu KA, Oparah AC. Adverse drug reactions to antiretroviral therapy: results from spontaneous reporting system in Nigeria. Perspect Clin Res. 2013;4(2):117\u201324.","journal-title":"Perspect Clin Res"},{"key":"307_CR21","first-page":"87","volume":"12","author":"HN Luma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Luma HN, Doualla MS, Choukem SP, Temfack E, Ashuntantang G, Joko HA, et al. Adverse drug reactions of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV infected patients at the general hospital, Douala, Cameroon: a cross sectional study. The Pan African Med J. 2012;12:87.","journal-title":"The Pan African Med J"},{"issue":"9","key":"307_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835f1db0","volume":"27","author":"Z Shubber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shubber Z, Calmy A, Andrieux-Meyer I, Vitoria M, Renaud-Thery F, Shaffer N, et al. Adverse events associated with nevirapine and efavirenz-based first-line antiretroviral therapy:a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2013;27(9):1403\u201312.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"307_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512213332502","volume":"333","author":"JJ Eron","year":"1995","unstructured":"Eron JJ, Benoit SL, Jemsek J, MacArthur RD, Santana J, Quinn JB, et al. Treatment with lamivudine, zidovudine, or both in HIV positive patients with 200 to 500 CD4 cells per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1662\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"307_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912163412501","volume":"341","author":"S Staszewski","year":"1999","unstructured":"Staszewski S, Morales-Ramirez J, Tashima KT, Rachlis A, Skiest D, Stanford J, et al. Efavirenz plus Zidovudine and Lamivudine, Efavirenz plus Indinavir, Indinavir plus Zidovudine and lamivudine. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1865\u201373.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"307_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lartey M, Asante-Quashie EA, Kenu E, Ganu V, Neequaye A. Adverse drug reaction to antiretroviral therapy during the early ART period at a tertiary hospital in Ghana. Pan African Med J. 2014;18(25).","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2014.18.25.3886"},{"issue":"6","key":"307_CR26","first-page":"2438","volume":"5","author":"PT Patil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patil PT, Pawar MP, Halasawadekar NR, Shinde MP, Kumbhar AV, Rathod MS. Current pattern of adverse drug reactions to antiretroviral therapy in antiretroviral therapy Centre attached to a government medical College of Maharashtra, India. Retrospective study. IJBCP. 2016;5(6):2438\u201343.","journal-title":"IJBCP"},{"key":"307_CR27","unstructured":"Bartlett J. Severe liver toxicity in patients receiving two nucleoside analogues and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. [Abstract 19. In: 8th conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections. Chicago, Ill; 2001."},{"key":"307_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200105010-00005","volume":"27","author":"SM Arpadi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Arpadi SM, Cuff PA, Horlick M, Wang J, Kotler DP. Lipodystrophy in HIV-infected children is associated with high viral load and lowCD4+ \u2212lymphocyte count and CD4+-lymphocyte percentage at baseline baseline and use of protease inhibitors and stavudine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;27:30\u20134.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"307_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200301010-00007","volume":"32","author":"KA Lichtenstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lichtenstein KA, Delaney KM, Armon C, Ward DJ, Moorman AC, Wood KC, Holmberg SD. Incidence of and risk factors for lipoatrophy (abnormal fat loss) in ambulatory HIV-1\u2013infected patients. J Acquir Immune DeficSyndr. 2003;32:48\u201356.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune DeficSyndr"},{"key":"307_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000161769.06158.8a","volume":"19","author":"SA Shelburne","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shelburne SA, Visnegarwala F, Darcourt J, Graviss EA, Giordano TP, White AC, Hamill RJ. Incidence and risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2005;19:399\u2013406.","journal-title":"AIDS"}],"container-title":["BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-019-0307-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40360-019-0307-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-019-0307-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T23:26:45Z","timestamp":1588634805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpharmacoltoxicol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40360-019-0307-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40360-019-0307-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-6511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-6511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 September 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics and Protocol Review Committee (HREPRC) of Eritrea. As this was a retrospective study, informed consent was not obtained from patients and waived by HREPRC. All ethical and professional considerations were followed and particular attention was paid to keep patient details in strict confidence. Data was analyzed and disseminated anonymously.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"24"}}