{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T19:55:27Z","timestamp":1740167727689,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011665","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DSR research Project no. RG-1436-004."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSR research Project no. RG-1436-004."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>For many decades, the sting of Samsun ant (<jats:italic>Pachycondyla sennaarensis<\/jats:italic>) has been a serious clinical challenge for the people living in some of the major Middle East and Asian countries. In the present study, the therapeutic potential of<jats:italic>Nigella sativa<\/jats:italic>derived plant extract component, thymoquinone (TQ) has been tested against the Samsun ant venom (SAV) at the toxic dose in the rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The adult male rats were divided into four groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910): control, SAV treated, SAV\u2009+\u2009TQ treated and TQ alone treated. It was found that the sub-lethal dose of SAV alters not only many of the kidney and liver function markers but also induces oxidative stress in the animals. Moreover, the SAV also disturbs various immunological parameters including expression of PMNs, CD-80, CD-86, interleukins and other cytokines compromising the affected organism towards mild to severe allergic reactions including life-risking anaphylaxis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The plant extract, TQ, effectively restores many of the biochemical and oxidative stress parameters comparable to the normal concomitant with improving the immunological aspects that might attributive in relieving from SAV-induced toxicity and allergic reactions in the affected organism to a greater extent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hence, TQ has an excellent antidote property against SAV-induced toxicities in vivo. Although the study is a vivid indication of the potential therapeutic potential of TQ against the SAV induced in vivo toxicity, yet the actual mechanism of interaction translating the toxicity amelioration warrants further investigations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-019-0375-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T19:03:02Z","timestamp":1576609382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Thymoquinone ameliorates Pachycondyla sennaarensis venom-induced acute toxic shock in male rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim M.","family":"Alhazza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hossam","family":"Ebaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bahaa","family":"Abdel-Salam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jameel H.","family":"Al-Tamimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6993-9954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iftekhar","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Rady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashraf M. A.","family":"Mashaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"375_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/763061","volume":"2014","author":"Hossam Ebaid","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ebaid H, Al-Tamimi J, Hassan I, Alhazza I, Al-Khalifa M. Antioxidant Bioactivity of Samsum Ant (Pachycondyla sennaarensis) Venom Protects against CCL4-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2014;763061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/763061.","journal-title":"Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"},{"issue":"9","key":"375_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00182","volume":"15","author":"R Aili","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aili R, Touchard A, Koh M, Dejean A, Orivel J, Padula P, Escoubas P, Nicholson M. Comparisons of protein and peptide complexity in Poneroid and Formicoid ant venoms. J Proteome Res. 2016;15(9):3039\u201354.","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"375_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.03.010","volume":"70","author":"W Bouzid","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bouzid W, Klopp C, Verdenaud M, Ducancel F, V\u2019etillard A. Profiling the venom gland transcriptome of Tetramoriumcarinatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): the first transcriptome analysis of an ant species. Toxicon. 2013;70:70\u201381.","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"375_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2016.03.009","volume":"117","author":"P Sousa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sousa P, Quinet Y, Cavalcante Brizeno L, Sampaio T, Torres A, Martins A, Assreuy A. The acute inflammatory response induced in mice by the venom of the giant ant Dinoponera quadriceps involves macrophage and interleukin-1\u03b2. Toxicon. 2016;117:22\u20139.","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"375_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2016.08.008","volume":"120","author":"DB Lima","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lima DB, Sousa PL, Torres AF, Rodrigues KA, Mello CP, Menezes RR, Tessarolo LD, Quinet YP, de Oliveira MR, Martins AM. Antiparasitic effect of Dinoponera quadriceps giant ant venom. Toxicon. 2016;120:128\u201332.","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"2","key":"375_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2005.02391.x","volume":"44","author":"C Steen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Steen C, Janniger C, Schutzer S, Schwartz R. Insect sting reactions to bees, wasps, and ants. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44(2):91\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"375_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2009.207","volume":"29","author":"M Alsharani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alsharani M, Alanazi M, Alsalamah M. Black ant stings caused by Pachycondyla sennaarensis: a significant health hazard. Ann Saudi Med. 2009;29:207\u201311.","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"375_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4781(93)90065-L","volume":"1171","author":"Gregory R. Donovan","year":"1993","unstructured":"G. Donovan, B. Baldo, S. Sutherland, Molecular cloning and characterization of a major allergen (Myr p I) from the venom of the Australian jumper ant, Myrmecia pilosula, Biochim Biophys Acta 1171 (1993) 272\u2013280.","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression"},{"key":"375_CR9","first-page":"877","volume":"39","author":"G Donovan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Donovan G, Street M, Tetaz T, Smith A, Alewood D, Alewood P, Baldo BA. Expression of jumper ant (Myrmecia pilosula) venom allergens: post-translational processing of allergen gene products. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1996;39:877\u201385.","journal-title":"Biochem Mol Biol Int"},{"key":"375_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4781(95)00197-2","volume":"1305","author":"M Street","year":"1996","unstructured":"Street M, Donovan G, Baldo B. Molecular cloning and characterization of the major allergen Myr p II from the venom of the jumper ant Myrmecia pilosula: Myr p I and Myr p II share a common protein leader sequence. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996;1305:87\u201397.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"375_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2011.12.003","volume":"273","author":"G Badr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Badr G, Garraud O, Daghestani M, Al-Khalifa M, Richard Y. Human breast carcinoma cells are induced to apoptosis by samsum ant venom through an IGF-1-dependent pathway, PI3K\/AKT and ERK signaling. Cell Immunol. 2012;273:10\u20136.","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"375_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2010.08.024","volume":"54 (2","author":"MD Wiese","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wiese MD, Davies NW, Chataway TK, Milne RW, Brown SG, Heddle RJ. Stability of Myrmecia pilosula (Jack jumper) ant venom for use in immunotherapy. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2011;54 (2:303\u201310.","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"issue":"3","key":"375_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587216671392","volume":"22","author":"S Kumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kumar S, Dobos G, Rampp T. The significance of Ayurvedic medicinal plants. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2017;22(3):494\u2013501.","journal-title":"J Evid Based Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"375_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2016.1225106","volume":"68","author":"I Hassan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hassan I, Naseem I, Aman S, Alhazza I. Age affects the mitigating efficacy of riboflavin against cisplatin-induced toxicity in vivo. Nutr Cancer. 2016;68(8):1381\u201393.","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"375_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2040417","volume":"2","author":"I Panfoli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Panfoli I, Calzia D, Ravera S, Morelli A. Inhibition of hemorragic snake venom components: old and new approaches. Toxins (Basel). 2010;2(4):417\u201327.","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"375_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6580.97194","volume":"19","author":"Y Gupta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gupta Y, Peshin S. Do herbal medicines have potential for managing Snake bite envenomation? Toxicol Int. 2012;19(2):89\u201399.","journal-title":"Toxicol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"375_CR17","first-page":"208","volume":"5","author":"H Ebaid","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ebaid H, Dkhil M, Zahran W, El Feki M, Gabry M. Role of Nigella sativa in ameliorating chloramphenicol induced tissue damage in rats. J Med Plant Res. 2011;5(2):208\u201388.","journal-title":"J Med Plant Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"375_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60075-1","volume":"3","author":"A Ahmad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahmad A, Husain A, Mujeeb M, Khan A, Najmi K, Siddique A, Damanhouri A, Anwar F. A review on the therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(5):337\u201352.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"3","key":"375_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.99052","volume":"4","author":"M Hosseini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hosseini M, Zakeri S, Khoshdast S, Yousefian FT, Rastegar M, Vafaee F, Kahdouee S, Ghorbani F, Rakhshandeh H, Kazemi SA. The effects of Nigella sativa hydro-alcoholic extract and thymoquinone on lipopolysaccharide - induced depression like behavior in rats. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2012;4(3):219\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0975-7406.99052.","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"key":"375_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1159\/000136485","volume":"11","author":"D Jollow","year":"1974","unstructured":"Jollow D, Mitchell J, Zampaglione N, Gillette J. Bromobenzene-induced liver necrosis. Protective role of glutathione and evi dence for 3, 4-bromobenzene oxide as the hepatotoxic metabolite. Pharmacol. 1974;11:151\u201369.","journal-title":"Pharmacol"},{"key":"375_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","volume":"95","author":"H Ohkawa","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979;95:351\u20138.","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"375_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8010030","volume":"8","author":"Axel Touchard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Touchard A, Aili SR, Fox EG, Escoubas P, Orivel J, Nicholson GM, Dejean A. The Biochemical Toxin Arsenal from Ant Venoms. Toxins (Basel). 2016;8(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins8010030.","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"375_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-11-93","volume":"11","author":"H Ebaid","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ebaid H, Al-Khalifa M, Isa AM, Gadoa S. Bioactivity of Samsum ant (Pachycondyla sennaarensis) venom against lipopolysaccharides through antioxidant and upregulation of Akt1 signaling in rats. Lipids Health Dis. 2012;11:93.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"375_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0364-7","volume":"15","author":"J Al-Tamimi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Tamimi J, Alhazza I, Al-Khalifa M, Metwalli A, Rady A, Ebaid H. Potential effects of samsum ant, Brachyponera sennaarensis, venom on TNF-\u03b1\/NF-\u03baB mediated inflammation in CCL4-toxicity in vivo. Lipids Health Dis. 2016;15(1):198.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"375_CR25","first-page":"97","volume":"3","author":"M Dollah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dollah M, Parhizkar S, Latiff L, Hassam M. Toxicity effect of nigella sativa on the liver function of rats. Adv Pharm Bull. 2013;3(1):97\u2013102.","journal-title":"Adv Pharm Bull"},{"key":"375_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2011.07.081","volume":"55","author":"M Rosenbaum","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosenbaum M, Miyazaki K, Graham L. Hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress inhibit endothelial cell healing after arterial injury. J Vasc Surg. 2012;55:489\u201396.","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"375_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0505282","volume":"79","author":"A Tyler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tyler A, Terry K, Lorne A, Philip J. Bovine polymorphonuclear cells passively acquire membrane lipids and integral membrane proteins from apoptotic and necrotic cells. J Leukoc Biol. 2006;79:1226\u201333.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"375_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2008.02.008","volume":"118","author":"C Shauna","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shauna C, Owain R, James M, Iain B. Murine neutrophils present class II restricted antigen. Immunol Lett. 2008;118:49\u201354.","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"375_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00068.x","volume":"60","author":"C Iking-Konert","year":"2001","unstructured":"Iking-Konert C, Vogt S, Radsak M, Wagner C, Hnsch G, Andrassy K. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils in Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis acquire characteristics of antigen presenting cells. Kidney Int. 2001;60:2247\u201362.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"375_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.1.97","volume":"154","author":"L Lanier","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lanier L, O\u2019Fallon S, Somoza C, Phillips J, Linsley P, Okumura K, et al. CD80 (B7) and CD86 (B70) provide similar costimulatory signals for T-cell proliferation, cytokine production, and generation of CTL. J Immunol. 1995;154:97\u2013105.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"375_CR31","first-page":"462","volume":"41","author":"BK Abdel-Salam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abdel-Salam BK, Ebaid H. Upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II, CD83, CD64, and CD14 on polymorphonuclear neutrophils stimulated with interleukin-15. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2008;41(6):462\u20138.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"375_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.7.3068.bloodjournal8773068","volume":"87","author":"W Reinisch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Reinisch W, Tillinger W, Lichtenberger C, Gangl A, Willheim M, Scheiner O. In vivo induction of HLA-DR on human neutrophils in patients treated with interferon-c. Blood. 1996;87:3067\u20138.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"375_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.6.2205","volume":"144","author":"J Djeu","year":"1990","unstructured":"Djeu J, Matshushima K, Oppenheim J, Shiotsuki K, Blanchard D. Functional activation of human neutrophils by recombinant monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor IL-8. JImmunol. 1990;144:2205\u201310.","journal-title":"JImmunol."},{"key":"375_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.12.031","volume":"31","author":"A Saldanha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saldanha A, de Siqueira M, Castro H, de Azambuja I, de Oliveira M, de Oliveira D, Pinto C, Silva B, Soares C. Anti-inflammatory effects of the butanolic fraction of Byrsonima verbascifolia leaves: mechanisms involving inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha, prostaglandin E (2) production and migration of polymorphonuclear leucocyte in vivo experimentation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2016;31:123\u201331.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"375_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1089\/cbr.2017.2400","volume":"33","author":"J Al-Tamimi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Tamimi J, Semlali A, Hassan I, Ebaid H, Alhazza IM, Mehdi SH, Al-Khalifa M, Alanazi MS. Samsum Ant Venom Exerts Anticancer Activity Through Immunomodulation In Vitro and In Vivo. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2018;33(2):65\u201373.","journal-title":"Cancer Biother Radiopharm"},{"issue":"3","key":"375_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.01.018","volume":"15","author":"H Sadeghi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sadeghi H, Hajhashemi V, Minaiyan M, Movahedian A, Talebi A. Further studies on anti-inflammatory activity of maprotiline in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013;15(3):505\u201310.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"375_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.07.018","volume":"59","author":"I Hassan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hassan I, Chibber S, Naseem I. Vitamin B2: a promising adjuvant in cisplatin based chemoradiotherapy by cellular redox management. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;59:715\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2013.07.018.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"375_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19410-1","volume":"8","author":"I Hassan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hassan I, Khan AA, Aman S, Qamar W, Ebaid H, Al-Tamimi J, Alhazza IM, Rady AM. Restrained management of copper level enhances the antineoplastic activity of imatinib in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-19410-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-019-0375-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40360-019-0375-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-019-0375-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T04:04:26Z","timestamp":1695528266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpharmacoltoxicol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40360-019-0375-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40360-019-0375-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-6511"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2050-6511"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 May 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 11451 for the research group Project no. RG-1436-004 funded by Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"There are no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"84"}}