{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:09:43Z","timestamp":1793502583069,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004621","name":"Kerman University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["96000230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["96000230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2016, in a lead poisoning outbreak in Iran, physicians reported thousands of opium users who presented to emergency departments (EDs) with intractable severe abdominal pain which did not respond to any narcotic medication. During the same period of time, we investigated the efficacy of intravenous calcium gluconate in alleviating lead-induced abdominal pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a single-center, single blinded, randomized controlled trial, a convenient sample of adult opium-addicted patients who presented to an academic ED with abdominal pain and had an initial diagnosis of lead poisoning were included and randomly subjected to two treatment groups receiving conventional treatment (morphine 0.1\u2009mg\/kg\u2009+\u2009normal saline; group 1) and conventional treatment plus 1\u2009g of intravenous calcium gluconate (group 2) to alleviate their abdominal pain. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was determined by each patient (0 to 100\u2009mm) before treatment, and 15, 30, and 60\u2009min after intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 50 patients (25 in each group) were enrolled. Blood lead levels, VAS scores before treatment, and mean administered dose of morphine were similar between the two groups. After treatment, mean VAS score dropped to 64.7\u00b1 10.4 vs. 67.1\u00b1 10.9 at 15\u2009min (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.437), 64.6\u00b1 10.9 vs. 58.0\u2009\u00b1\u200911.2 at 30\u2009min (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.041), and 63.8\u00b1 10.7 vs. 53.6\u00b1 10.9 at 60\u2009min (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) in groups 1 and 2, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intravenous calcium gluconate administration along with morphine can improve abdominal pain in lead poisoning due to the ingestion of lead-contaminated opium. Further interventional studies are recommended to see if response to calcium salts in suspected lead-induced abdominal pain can rule in lead toxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/apps.who.int\/trialsearch\/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20171009036661N2\">IRCT20171009036661N2<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      . Registered 27 May 2018 - Retrospectively registered,\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-020-00403-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T08:46:14Z","timestamp":1584521174000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Intravenous calcium Gluconate alleviates Lead-induced abdominal pain, a randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Masoud","family":"Mayel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Hamzeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salile Shahabi","family":"Rabori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sareh","family":"Ghasemirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasim","family":"Zamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Hassanian-Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"403_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.04.016","volume":"55","author":"N Zamani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zamani N, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Bahrami-Motlagh H, Ahmadi S, Phillips S. 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