{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:33:24Z","timestamp":1791617604215,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We investigated acute poisonings resulting from medications affecting the nervous system and illicit substances at Loghman Hakim Hospital in Tehran.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We retrospectively reviewed patient records at Iran\u2019s largest tertiary toxicology referral center between January 2010 and December 2015. We analyzed the prevalence, trend, age and gender distribution of acute poisoning caused by nervous system agents.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present study included 16,657 (57.27%) males and 12,426 (42.73%) females, resulting in 29,083 patients. The median age of men and women was 29 and 26 years, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). There were 12,071 (72.47%) men and 10,326 (83.10%) women under the age of 40 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Most cases were intentional (69.38% in men and 79.00% in women, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 44.10% had a history of poisoning. The proportions of men and women varied significantly between different age groups and nervous system agents. For women, the most common agent was alprazolam, whereas for men, methadone. The overall trend of acute poisoning with drug used in addictive disorders, opioids and alcohol was increasing but decreasing with benzodiazepines and antidepressants. Acute poisoning by nervous system agents led to more deaths in men (1.95% vs. 0.56%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Methadone intoxication was common especially among young men and most of these intoxications were intentional. Women and men aged 20\u201329 most frequently suffer poisoning from alprazolam and clonazepam, respectively. Women over 60 and men over 30 used opium. Illicit drugs caused more than half of the deaths, and opium dominated. This study may create awareness and develop educational and preventive gender and age-specific local programs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-024-00759-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T20:31:54Z","timestamp":1719865914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Age- and gender-specific acute poisoning with drugs and medications affecting nervous system"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4004-8493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bita","family":"Mesgarpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabnam","family":"Faridfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahya","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akbar","family":"Abdollahiasl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Shadnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arezou","family":"Mahdavinejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Abdollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"759_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23193-x","volume":"12","author":"YM Molla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Molla YM, Belachew KD, Ayehu GW, Teshome AA. Acute poisoning in children in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):18750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-23193-x.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"759_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23193-x","volume":"13","author":"K Naseri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Naseri K, Kiani Z, Sajadi ZS, Mehrpour O, Javadmoosavi SY, Forouzanfar F, et al. Pharmaceutical toxicity is a common pattern of inpatient acute poisonings in Birjand City, East of Iran. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):1312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-23193-x.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"759_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221147352","volume":"8","author":"R Sharma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma R, Neelanjana, Rawat N, Panwar N. Mortality and morbidity associated with acute poisoning cases in north-east India: a retrospective study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(6):2068\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20503121221147352.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"759_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e021881","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021881","volume":"8","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Yu B, Wang N, Li T. Acute poisoning in Shenyang, China: a retrospective and descriptive study from 2012 to 2016. BMJ Open. 2018;8(8):e021881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021881.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"759_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajcem.20140204.15","volume":"2","author":"ZAE Abd-Elhaleem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abd-Elhaleem ZAE, Al Muqhem B. Pattern of acute poisoning in Al Majmaah region, Saudi Arabia. Am J Clin Exp Med. 2014;2(4):79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.ajcem.20140204.15.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Exp Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"759_CR6","first-page":"327","volume":"42","author":"S Alinejad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alinejad S, Zamani N, Abdollahi M, Mehrpour O. A narrative review of acute adult poisoning in Iran. Iran J Med Sci. 2017;42(4):327\u201346.","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"key":"759_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-018-0275-3","volume":"76","author":"L Chelkeba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chelkeba L, Mulatu A, Feyissa D, Bekele F, Tesfaye BT. Patterns and epidemiology of acute poisoning in Ethiopia: systematic review of observational studies. Arch Public Health. 2018;76:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13690-018-0275-3.","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"759_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Beuhler MC, Spyker DA, Bronstein AC, Rivers LJ et al. 2020 annual report of the american association of poison control centers\u2019 National Poison Data System (NPDS): 38th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2021;59(12):1282\u20131501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15563650.2021.1989785.","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2021.1989785"},{"key":"759_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9926682","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9926682","volume":"2021","author":"M Al-Jelaify","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Jelaify M, AlHomidah S. The individualized management approach for acute poisoning. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2021;2021:9926682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/9926682.","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"759_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205031212211473","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221147352","volume":"11","author":"N Eizadi-Mood","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eizadi-Mood N, Mahvari R, Akafzadeh Savari M, Mohammadbeigi E, Feizi A, Mirmoghtadaei P, et al. Acute pesticide poisoning in the central part of Iran: a 4-year cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Med. 2023;11:20503121221147352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20503121221147352.","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"759_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.08.013","volume":"39","author":"S R\u00f6nk\u00e4","year":"2017","unstructured":"R\u00f6nk\u00e4 S, Katainen A. Non-medical use of prescription drugs among illicit drug users: a case study on an online drug forum. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;39:62\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.08.013.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"759_CR12","first-page":"1","volume-title":"TAARs and neurodegenerative and Psychiatric disorders","author":"RZ Murtazina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murtazina RZ, Kuvarzin SR, Gainetdinov RR. TAARs and neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. In: Handbook of neurotoxicity. Springer; 2021. pp. 1\u201318."},{"issue":"1","key":"759_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2013.09.004","volume":"32","author":"AM Ruha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ruha AM, Levine M. Central nervous system toxicity. Emerg Med Clin N Am. 2014;32(1):205\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emc.2013.09.004.","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin N Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"759_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.272","volume":"309","author":"CM Jones","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jones CM, Mack KA, Paulozzi LJ. Pharmaceutical overdose deaths, United States, 2010. JAMA. 2013;309(7):657\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.272.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"759_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE et al. 2014 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers\u2019 National Poison Data System (NPDS): 32nd annual report. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53(10):962\u20131147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/15563650.2015.1102927.","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1102927"},{"issue":"2","key":"759_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.22038\/apjmt.2022.20396","volume":"11","author":"RA Kaka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaka RA, Ghanem MAA, Sigairon MEE, Elabedin HZ, Mostafa H. A retrospective analysis of acute poisoning cases admitted to Alexandria poison Center: pattern and outcome. Asia Pac J Med Toxicol. 2022;11(2):40\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22038\/apjmt.2022.20396.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"759_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics8020028","volume":"8","author":"D Resiere","year":"2020","unstructured":"Resiere D, Kallel H, Oxybel O, Chabartier C, Florentin J, Brouste Y, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of severe acute adult poisoning cases in Martinique: implicated toxic exposures and their outcomes. Toxics. 2020;8(2):28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics8020028.","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"2","key":"759_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdw052","volume":"39","author":"T Bruno","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bruno T, Pharr JR. Retrospective case series analysis of characteristics and trends in unintentional pharmaceutical drug poisoning by methadone, opioid analgesics, antidepressants and benzodiazepines in Clark County, NV 2009-13. J Public Health. 2017;39(2):304\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdw052.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"759_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000206","volume":"73","author":"F Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mauvais-Jarvis F, Berthold HK, Campesi I, Carrero JJ, Dakal S, Franconi F, et al. Sex- and gender-based pharmacological response to drugs. Pharmacol Rev. 2021;73(2):730\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000206.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"759_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2021.1884693","volume":"59","author":"\u00d2 Mir\u00f3","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mir\u00f3 \u00d2, Waring WS, Dargan PI, Wood DM, Dines AM, Yates C, et al. Variation of drugs involved in acute drug toxicity presentations based on age and sex: an epidemiological approach based on European emergency departments. Clin Toxicol. 2021;59(10):896\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15563650.2021.1884693.","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"759_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2009.12.001","volume":"31","author":"TJ Nicolson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nicolson TJ, Mellor HR, Roberts RR. Gender differences in drug toxicity. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2010;31(3):108\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tips.2009.12.001.","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"759_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2011.544250","volume":"7","author":"N Kokras","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kokras N, Dalla C, Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z. Sex differences in pharmacokinetics of antidepressants. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2011;7(2):213\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/17425255.2011.544250.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"759_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108994","volume":"227","author":"RS Wightman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wightman RS, Perrone J, Scagos R, Hallowell BD, Krieger M, Li Y, et al. Toxicological and pharmacologic sex differences in unintentional or undetermined opioid overdose death. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;227:108994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108994.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"03","key":"759_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1658-3036","volume":"72","author":"SM Alnasser","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alnasser SM. Drug and chemical poisoning patterns in Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia. Drug Res. 2022;72(03):148\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1658-3036.","journal-title":"Drug Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"759_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.02.009","volume":"38","author":"K Bresin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bresin K, Schoenleber M, Alnasser SM. Gender differences in the prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;38(3):55\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.02.009.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"759_CR26","first-page":"121","volume":"6","author":"F Najjari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Najjari F, Ramazannejad P, Ahmadi A, Amini Z. Epidemiological study of poisoning in patients referring educational and clinical center of Ayatollah Kashani hospital, Shahrekord (West of Iran) throughout 2008\u20132014. Int J Med Toxicol Forensic Med. 2016;6(3):121\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Med Toxicol Forensic Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"759_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327107083017","volume":"26","author":"S Shadnia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shadnia S, Esmaily H, Sasanian G, Pajoumand A, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Abdollahi M. Pattern of acute poisoning in Tehran-Iran in 2003. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2007;26(9):753\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0960327107083017.","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"759_CR28","unstructured":"R Core Team. A language and environment for statistical computing. 2022. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"issue":"8","key":"759_CR29","first-page":"534","volume":"17","author":"H Hassanian-Moghaddam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Zamani N, Rahimi M, Shadnia S, Pajoumand A, Sarjami S. Acute adult and adolescent poisoning in Tehran, Iran; the epidemiologic trend between 2006 and 2011. Arch Iran Med. 2014;17(8):534\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"759_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.22038\/apjmt.2020.16752","volume":"9","author":"S Afzali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Afzali S, Moradi A, Alinaghizadeh H. Epidemiologic characteristics and outcomes of drugs poisoning in the Hamadan, Iran:(2015\u20132019). Asia Pac J Med Toxicol. 2020;9(3):97\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22038\/apjmt.2020.16752.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"759_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e587","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.587","volume":"5","author":"A Banaye Yazdipour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Banaye Yazdipour A, Moshiri M, Dadpour B, Sarbaz M, Heydarian Miri H, Hajebi Khaniki S, et al. The trend of top five types of poisonings in hospitalized patients based on ICD-10 in the northeast of Iran during 2012\u20132018: a cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep. 2022;5(3):e587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.587.","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"759_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2021.1903486","volume":"45","author":"SK Hadeiy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hadeiy SK, Parhizgar P, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Zamani N, Khoshkar A, Kolahi AA, et al. Trends of acute drug and chemical toxicities in adults and adolescents in Tehran, Iran between 2012 and 2018: a retrospective chart review. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2022;45(5):2039\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01480545.2021.1903486.","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"759_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-018-0181-6","volume":"18","author":"O Mehrpour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mehrpour O, Akbari A, Jahani F, Amirabadizadeh A, Allahyari E, Mansouri B, et al. Epidemiological and clinical profiles of acute poisoning in patients admitted to the intensive care unit in eastern Iran (2010 to 2017). BMC Emerg Med. 2018;18(1):30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12873-018-0181-6.","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"759_CR34","first-page":"311","volume":"14","author":"F Torkashvand","year":"2015","unstructured":"Torkashvand F, Sheikh Fathollahi M, Shamsi S, Kamali M, Rezaeian M. Evaluating the pattern of acute poisoning in cases referred to the Emergency Department of Ali-Ebn Abi Taleb Hospital of Rafsanjan from October 2013 to September 2014. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2015;14(4):311\u201324.","journal-title":"J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"759_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659709043371","volume":"35","author":"M Abdollahi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Abdollahi M, Jalali N, Sabzevari O, Hoseini R, Ghanea T. A retrospective study of poisoning in Tehran. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1997;35(4):387\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/15563659709043371.","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"759_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.2009.39.2.231","volume":"39","author":"M Ghazinour","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghazinour M, Emami H, Richter J, Abdollahi M, Pazhumand A. Age and gender differences in the use of various poisoning methods for deliberate parasuicide cases admitted to Loghman hospital in Tehran (2000\u20132004). Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2009;39(2):231\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/suli.2009.39.2.231.","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"759_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1081\/clt-200042550","volume":"42","author":"R Afshari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Afshari R, Majdzadeh R, Balali-Mood M. Pattern of acute poisonings in Mashhad, Iran 1993\u20132000. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42(7):965\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1081\/clt-200042550.","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"759_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327108099679","volume":"28","author":"M Islambulchilar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Islambulchilar M, Islambulchilar Z, Kargar-Maher MH. Acute adult poisoning cases admitted to a university hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2009;28(4):185\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0960327108099679.","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"759_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.18502\/jhs.v8i1.4021","volume":"8","author":"E Moradi-asl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moradi-asl E, Nikookar H, Danandehpor P, Vakili F, Asadyian M, Adham D. Study of mortality rate and poisoning status by using pesticides, drugs, and chemicals in Meshkinshahr, Ardabil province. Iran J Health Sci. 2020;8(1):11\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/jhs.v8i1.4021.","journal-title":"Iran J Health Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"759_CR40","first-page":"0","volume":"8","author":"ZM Zare Fazlohahi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zare Fazlohahi ZM, Shaikhi M. Epidemiology of adult poisoning in Talegani hospital of Urmia 1383\u20131386. Nurs Midwifery J. 2010;8(2):0\u20130.","journal-title":"Nurs Midwifery J"},{"issue":"5","key":"759_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2018053","volume":"59","author":"SH Koh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koh SH, Tan KHB, Ganapathy S. Epidemiology of paediatric poisoning presenting to a children\u2019s emergency department in Singapore over a five-year period. Singap Med J. 2018;59(5):247\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11622\/smedj.2018053.","journal-title":"Singap Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"759_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2019.12.001","volume":"48","author":"R Thanacoody","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thanacoody R, Anderson M. Epidemiology of poisoning. Medicine. 2020;48(3):153\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mpmed.2019.12.001.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"759_CR43","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Age-standardised Suicide Rates for 2000\u20132019. 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/indicators\/indicator-details\/GHO\/age-standardized-suicide-rates-(per-100-000-population)."},{"issue":"6","key":"759_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.26719\/2012.18.6.607","volume":"18","author":"HR Ghafarian Shirazi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ghafarian Shirazi HR, Hosseini M, Zoladl M, Malekzadeh M, Momeninejad M, Noorian K, et al. Suicide in the Islamic Republic of Iran: an integrated analysis from 1981 to 2007. East Mediterr Health J. 2012;18(6):607\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26719\/2012.18.6.607.","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"issue":"3","key":"759_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.22038\/apjmt.2014.3378","volume":"3","author":"K Soltaninejad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Soltaninejad K, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Shadnia S. Methadone related poisoning on the rise in Tehran, Iran. Asia Pac J Med Toxicol. 2014;3(3):104\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22038\/apjmt.2014.3378.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"759_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103529","volume":"100","author":"Y Rostam-Abadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rostam-Abadi Y, Gholami J, Noroozi A, Ansari M, Baheshmat S, Hamzehzadeh M, et al. Public health risks associated with methadone in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Drug Policy. 2022;100:103529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103529.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"759_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4103\/2279-042X.122387","volume":"2","author":"F Taheri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Taheri F, Yaraghi A, Sabzghabaee AM, Moudi M, Eizadi-Mood N, Gheshlaghi F, et al. Methadone toxicity in a poisoning referral center. J Res Pharm Pract. 2013;2(3):130\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2279-042X.122387.","journal-title":"J Res Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"759_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12930","volume":"122","author":"M Akhgari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akhgari M, Amini-Shirazi N, Iravani FS. Forensic toxicology perspectives of methadone-associated deaths in Tehran, Iran, a 7-year overview. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;122(4):436\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcpt.12930.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"759_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shadnia S, Rahimi M, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Soltaninejad K, Noroozi A. Methadone toxicity: comparing tablet and syrup formulations during a decade in an academic poison center of Iran. Clin Toxicol. 2013 Sep\u2013Oct;51(8):777\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/15563650.2013.830732","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.830732"}],"container-title":["BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-024-00759-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40360-024-00759-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-024-00759-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T20:33:47Z","timestamp":1719866027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpharmacoltoxicol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40360-024-00759-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40360-024-00759-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-6511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-6511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR.TUMS.VCR.REC.1398.766). As de-identified data was utilised in this study, individual consent was not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"37"}}