{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:38:08Z","timestamp":1788910688117,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a syndrome that arises from acute or chronic liver failure. This study was devised to assess the impact of a combination of boswellic acid (BA) and low doses of gamma radiation (LDR) on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced HE in an animal model. The effect of daily BA treatment (175\u00a0mg\/kg body weight, for four weeks) and\/or fractionated low-dose \u03b3-radiation (LDR; 0.25\u00a0Gy, twice the total dose of 0.5\u00a0Gy) was evaluated against TAA (200\u00a0mg\/kg, intraperitoneal) twice-weekly for four weeks to induce liver damage and HE in rats. TAA-exposed rats exhibited a significant elevation in serum activities of liver enzymes (GGT, ALP) and plasma ammonia levels at <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 (Duncan\u2019s test) compared to the control group. Moreover, there was an increase in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL12, IL18) in the TAA-exposed animals accompanied by a depletion in the activities of paraoxonase-1 and neurotransmitter contents compared with normal control rats (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). However, the administration of BA alone or in combination with LDR led to improvements in liver and brain parameter indices. Furthermore, the histopathological assessments of liver and brain tissues supported the findings of the biochemical investigations. From the statistical analysis, it can be concluded that the combined administration of BA and exposure to LDR may possess potential hepatoprotective effects against hepatic encephalopathy-associated hyperammonemia and the consequent damage to the liver and brain. This study proposes that a combination of therapeutic approaches, LDR and BA could be a new therapeutic candidate for the management of hepatic encephalopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-024-00831-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T11:17:58Z","timestamp":1736767078000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Boswellic acid synergizes with low-dose ionizing radiation to mitigate thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Dina E.","family":"Saad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somaya Z.","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman I.","family":"Kandil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma S. M.","family":"Moawed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa M. M.","family":"Elbakry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"831_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15510","volume":"43","author":"D Thabut","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thabut D, Bouzbib C, Meunier L, Haas M, Weiss N, Louvet A, Imbert-Bismut F, Mochel F, Nadjar Y, Santiago A. Diagnosis and management of hepatic encephalopathy: the French recommendations. Liver Int. 2023;43(4):750\u201362.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"831_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-023-03916-w","volume":"48","author":"T Balzano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balzano T. Active clinical trials in hepatic encephalopathy: something old, something new and something borrowed. Neurochem Res. 2023;48(8):2309\u201319.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"831_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031187","volume":"12","author":"D Bellafante","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bellafante D, Gioia S, Faccioli J, Riggio O, Ridola L, Nardelli S. Old and new precipitants in hepatic encephalopathy: a new look at a field in continuous evolution. J Clin Med. 2023;12(3):1187.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"831_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.005","volume":"172","author":"SZ Mansour","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mansour SZ, El-Marakby SM, Moawed FS. Ameliorative effects of rutin on hepatic encephalopathy-induced by thioacetamide or gamma irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol. 2017;172:20\u201327.","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B Biol"},{"key":"831_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085686","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1085686","volume":"12","author":"T Alfonzetti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alfonzetti T, Moreau M, Yasmin-Karim S, Ngwa W, Avery S, Goia D. Phytoradiotherapy to enhance cancer treatment outcomes with cannabidiol, bitter melon juice, and plant hemoglobin. Front Oncol. 2023;12:1085686.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"831_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2024.115733","volume":"454","author":"M El-Sedik","year":"2024","unstructured":"El-Sedik M, Mohamed MBI, Saad N, El-rashedy AA, Haggag K, Safwat G, Aysha T. Synthesis, molecular dynamics, antimicrobial activity and wound healing application of new methylidene dyes based on pyrrolinone esters. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem. 2024;454:115733.","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol A Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"831_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2014.32.3.176","volume":"32","author":"A Ahangarpour","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahangarpour A, Oroojan AA, Heidari H. Effects of exendin-4 on male reproductive parameters of d-galactose induced aging mouse model. World J Mens Health. 2014;32(3):176\u201383.","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"831_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155932582096959","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325820969597","volume":"18","author":"SZ Mansour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mansour SZ, Moawed FS, Badawy MM, Mohamed HE. Boswellic acid synergizes with low-level ionizing radiation to modulate bisphenol induced-lung toxicity in rats by inhibiting JNK\/ERK\/c-Fos pathway. Dose-Response. 2020;18(4):1559325820969597.","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"issue":"3","key":"831_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02725-w","volume":"397","author":"EA Ragab","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ragab EA, Abd El-Wahab MF, Doghish AS, Salama RM, Eissa N, Darwish SF. The journey of boswellic acids from synthesis to pharmacological activities. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2024;397(3):1477\u2013504.","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"831_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121196","volume":"312","author":"A Rajabian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rajabian A, Farzanehfar M, Hosseini H, Arab FL, Nikkhah A. Boswellic acids as promising agents for the management of brain diseases. Life Sci. 2023;312:121196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121196.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"831_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187181","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1187181","volume":"14","author":"VL Trivedi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Trivedi VL, Soni R, Dhyani P, Sati P, Tejada S, Sureda A, Setzer WN, Faizal Abdull Razis A, Modu B, Butnariu M, Sharifi-Rad J. Anti-cancer properties of boswellic acids: mechanism of action as anti-cancerous agent [Review]. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1187181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1187181.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"831_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-08211-5","volume":"50","author":"JG Paithankar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paithankar JG, Gupta SC, Sharma A. Therapeutic potential of low dose ionizing radiation against cancer, dementia, and diabetes: evidences from epidemiological, clinical, and preclinical studies. Mol Biol Rep. 2023;50(3):2823\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-022-08211-5.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"831_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19980","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9558-4","volume":"24","author":"WE Zahran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zahran WE, Elsonbaty SM, Moawed FS. Selenium nanoparticles with low-level ionizing radiation exposure ameliorate nicotine-induced inflammatory impairment in rat kidney. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2017;24:19980\u201389.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"831_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-10644-5","volume":"23","author":"R El Sadda Rana","year":"2023","unstructured":"El Sadda Rana R, Elshahawy Zahraa R, Saad Entsar A. Biochemical and pathophysiological improvements in rats with thioacetamide induced-hepatocellular carcinoma using aspirin plus vitamin C. BMC Cancer. 2023;23:175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-023-10644-5.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"831_CR15","first-page":"164","volume":"14","author":"M Farjam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Farjam M, Dehdab P, Abbassnia F, Mehrabani D, Tanideh N, Pakbaz S, Imanieh MH. Thioacetamide-induced acute hepatic encephalopathy in rat: behavioral, biochemical and histological changes. Iran Red Crescent Med. 2012;14:164\u201370.","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"831_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/tips.v3i3.150","volume":"3","author":"A Jamshidzadeh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jamshidzadeh A, Abdoli N, Niknahad H, Azarpira N, Mardani E, Mousavi S, Abasvali M, Heidari R. Taurine alleviates brain tissue markers of oxidative stress in a rat model of hepatic encephalopathy. Trends Pharm Sci. 2017;3(3):181\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tips.v3i3.150.","journal-title":"Trends Pharm Sci"},{"key":"831_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-10-235","volume":"10","author":"H Ebaid","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ebaid H, Salem A, Sayed A, Metwalli A. Whey protein enhances normal inflammatory responses during cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats. Lipids Health Dis. 2011;10:235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-511X-10-235.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"831_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00436-1","volume":"38","author":"F Nicolao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nicolao F, Efrati C, Masini A, Merli M, Attili AF, Riggio O. Role of determination of partial pressure of ammonia in cirrhotic patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol. 2023;38(4):441\u201346.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"831_CR19","first-page":"192","volume":"3","author":"MC Dhorajiya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dhorajiya MC, Galani VJ. Effect of polyherbal preparation on thioacetamide induced liver damage and hepatic encephalopathy in rats. Int Res J Pharm. 2012;3:192\u201398.","journal-title":"Int Res J Pharm"},{"key":"831_CR20","first-page":"138","volume":"3","author":"HH Ahmed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmed HH, Saeed RMA, Sayed AA, et al. Update on pathophysiologic mechanisms of thioacetamide- induced hepatic encephalopathy. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;3:138\u201367.","journal-title":"World J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"831_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.105.005520","volume":"33","author":"J Chilakapati","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chilakapati J, Shankar K, Korrapati M, et al. Saturation toxicokinetics of thioacetamide: role in initiation of liver injury. Drug Metab Dispos 2005;33:1877\u201385.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"831_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2006.01.012","volume":"49","author":"I Swapna","year":"2006","unstructured":"Swapna I, Sathya S, Kumar K, et al. Phospholipids and cholesterol alterations accompany structural disarray in myelin membrane of rats with hepatic encephalopathy induced by thioacetamide. Neurochem Int. 2006;49:238\u201344.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"831_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327116637657","volume":"36","author":"M Abdel-Rafei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdel-Rafei M, Amin M, Hasan H. Novel effect of Daflon and low-dose \u03b3-radiation in modulation of thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in male albino rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2017;36(1):62\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0960327116637657.","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"831_CR24","first-page":"6","volume":"7","author":"LC Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen LC, Hu LH, Yin MC. Alleviative effects from boswellic acid on acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury. J Biomed (Taipei). 2016;7(2):6\u20139.","journal-title":"J Biomed (Taipei)"},{"key":"831_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.1222","volume":"66","author":"CR Murthy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Murthy CR, Rama Rao KV, Bai G, et al. Ammonia-induced production of free radicals in primary cultures of rat astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2001;66:282\u201388.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"831_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2005.03.007","volume":"52","author":"I T\u00fanez","year":"2005","unstructured":"T\u00fanez I, Mu\u00f1oz MC, Villavicencio MA, et al. Hepato and neurotoxicity induced by thioacetamide: protective effects of melatonin and dimethylsulfoxide. Pharmacol Res 2005;52:223\u201328.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"831_CR27","first-page":"255","volume":"2","author":"SZ Mansour","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mansour SZ. Protective effect of low dose gamma irradiation against oxidative damage in rats administrated with ferric-nitrilotriacetate. J Radiat Res Appl Sci. 2009;2(2):255\u201376.","journal-title":"J Radiat Res Appl Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"831_CR28","first-page":"10","volume":"1","author":"HA Fahmy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fahmy HA, Abd El-Azime A, Gharib OA. Possible ameliorative role of low dose of radiation against cisplatin induced oxidative stress and tissue damage in male rats. Eur J Biol Med Sci Res. 2013;1(4):10\u201318.","journal-title":"Eur J Biol Med Sci Res"},{"key":"831_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233713487251","volume":"31","author":"MA El-Ghazaly","year":"2015","unstructured":"El-Ghazaly MA, Sadik NA, Rashed ER, et al. Neuroprotective effect of EGb761(R) and low-dose whole-body g-irradiation in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Toxicol Ind Health. 2015;31:1128\u201343.","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"831_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00200-7","volume":"26","author":"S Kojima","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kojima S, Matsuki O, Nomura T, et al. Elevation of antioxidant potency in the brain of mice by low-dose gamma-ray irradiation and its effect on 1-methyl-4- phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced brain damage. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;26:388\u201395.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"831_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2014.07.010","volume":"34","author":"A Kaulmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaulmann A, Bohn T. Carotenoids, inflammation, and oxidative stress\u2013implications of cellular signaling pathways and relation to chronic disease prevention. Nutr Res. 2014;34(11):907\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutres.2014.07.010.","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"831_CR32","volume-title":"Hyperammonemia","author":"R Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali R, Nagalli S. Hyperammonemia. Tampa, FL, USA: StatPearls Publishing; 2022."},{"key":"831_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.04.011","volume":"8","author":"A Sepehrinezhad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sepehrinezhad A, Shahbazi A, Sahab Negah S, Joghataei MT, Larsen FS. Drug-induced-acute liver failure: a critical appraisal of the thioacetamide model for the study of hepatic encephalopathy. Toxicol Rep. 2021;8:962\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.04.011.","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"831_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155932582096959","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325820969597","volume":"18","author":"SZ Mansour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mansour SZ, Moawed FSM, Badawy MMM, Mohamed HE. Boswellic acid synergizes with low-level ionizing radiation to modulate bisphenol induced-lung toxicity in rats by inhibiting JNK\/ERK\/c-Fos pathway. Dose Response. 2020;18(4):1559325820969597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1559325820969597.","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"key":"831_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn209","volume":"131","author":"MS Garc\u00eda-Ayll\u00f3n","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Ayll\u00f3n MS, Cauli O, Silveyra MX, Rodrigo R, Candela A, Compa\u00f1 A, Jover R, P\u00e9rez-Mateo M, Mart\u00ednez S, Felipo V, S\u00e1ez-Valero J. Brain cholinergic impairment in liver failure. Brain. 2008;131:2946\u201356.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"831_CR36","first-page":"13","volume":"31","author":"MS El Borai","year":"2005","unstructured":"El Borai MS, Hessien M, El-keey MM. Effect of alpha-tocopherol on tissue transglutaminase and reversibility of thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Turk J Biochem. 2005;31:13\u201320.","journal-title":"Turk J Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"831_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X0800300105","volume":"3","author":"M Ota","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ota M, Houghton P. Boswellic acid with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties from frankincense. Nat Prod Commun. 2008;3(1):339;21-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1934578X0800300105.","journal-title":"Nat Prod Commun"},{"key":"831_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2009.09.041","volume":"45","author":"M Katalini\u0107","year":"2010","unstructured":"Katalini\u0107 M, Rusak G, Doma\u0107inovi\u0107barovi\u0107 J, Sinko G, Jeli\u0107 D, Antolovi\u0107 R, Kovarik Z. Structural aspects of flavonoids as inhibitors of human butyrylcholinesterase. Eur J Med Chem. 2010;45:186\u201392.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"831_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.01.021","volume":"55","author":"M Pilar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pilar M, Omar C. Carmina mechanisms of cognitive alterations in hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy: therapeutical implications. Neurochem Int. 2009;55:106\u201312.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"831_CR40","first-page":"69","volume":"6","author":"UZ Said","year":"2013","unstructured":"Said UZ, EL-Tahawey NA, Elsayed EM, Shousha WGH, Elassal AA. Pomegranate alleviates oxidative damage and neurotransmitter alterations in rats brain exposed to aluminum chloride and\/or gamma radiation. J Radiat Res Appl Sci. 2013;6:69\u201387.","journal-title":"J Radiat Res Appl Sci"},{"key":"831_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.039","volume":"158","author":"AF Ismail","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ismail AF, El-Sonbaty SM. Fermentation enhances Ginkgo biloba protective role on gamma-irradiation induced neuroinflammatory gene expression and stress hormones in rat brain. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2016;158:154\u201363.","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"key":"831_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02063968","volume":"40","author":"J Herrera","year":"1995","unstructured":"Herrera J, Vigneulle RG, MacVittie T, Nold TJ, Dubois A. Effect of radiation and radioprotection on small intestinal function in canines. Dig Dis Sci. 1995;40:211\u201318.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"}],"container-title":["BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-024-00831-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40360-024-00831-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-024-00831-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T11:18:04Z","timestamp":1736767084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpharmacoltoxicol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40360-024-00831-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["831"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40360-024-00831-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-6511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-6511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The present study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Research Ethic Board of the National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (REC-NCRRT) (48A\/22). Notably, all animal experimentation was conducted in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and guidelines, prioritizing animal welfare and minimizing any potential harm.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6"}}