{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:27:53Z","timestamp":1792722473807,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-025-00841-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T07:02:48Z","timestamp":1737356568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Intravenous dexmedetomidine for delirium prevention in elderly patients following orthopedic surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shufang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guobin","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"841_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e020757","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020757","volume":"8","author":"V Patel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patel V, Champaneria R, Dretzke J, Yeung J. Effect of regional versus general anaesthesia on postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2018;8(12):e020757.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"841_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.d.18.00073.1","volume":"72","author":"ST Oh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oh ST, Park JY. Postoperative delirium. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2019;72(1):4\u201312.","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"9920","key":"841_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","volume":"383","author":"SK Inouye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inouye SK, Westendorp RG, Saczynski JS. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014;383(9920):911\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"841_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.11.001","volume":"36","author":"TT Hshieh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hshieh TT, Inouye SK, Oh ES. Delirium in the Elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2020;36(2):183\u201399.","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"841_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1AR708","volume":"47","author":"Y Mo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mo Y, Zimmermann AE. Role of dexmedetomidine for the prevention and treatment of delirium in intensive care unit patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47(6):869\u201376.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"2","key":"841_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001384","volume":"81","author":"M Xiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiao M, Jiang CF, Gao Q, Pan J, Zhang H, Wu SN, Dou MS. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on cardiac surgery patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2023;81(2):104\u201313.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"841_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S139387","volume":"10","author":"C Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang C, Xia Z. Dexmedetomidine in perioperative acute pain management: a non-opioid adjuvant analgesic. J Pain Res. 2017;10:1899\u2013904.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"841_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070846","volume":"11","author":"Z Liaquat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liaquat Z, Xu X, Zilundu PLM, Fu R, Zhou L. The current role of Dexmedetomidine as Neuroprotective Agent: an updated review. Brain Sci. 2021;11(7):846.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"841_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2700","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","volume":"339","author":"A Liberati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"841_CR10","unstructured":"Cochlane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. 2011 [J\/OL] http:\/\/handbook-5-1.cochrane.org\/"},{"issue":"7414","key":"841_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"J Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins J, Thompson S, Deeks J. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ (Clinical Res ed). 2003;327(7414):557\u201360.","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Res ed)"},{"issue":"4","key":"841_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026","volume":"64","author":"G Guyatt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):383\u201394.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"841_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE:an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:924\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"16","key":"841_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003191","volume":"137","author":"J Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li J, Ye C, Fang P, Qian J, Shang Z, Liu X. Effects of dexmedetomidine on emergence delirium and electroencephalogram during the recovery period in older patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Chin Med J (Engl). 2024;137(16):1982\u20134.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"4","key":"841_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-015-0492-3","volume":"28","author":"Y Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu Y, Ma L, Gao M, Guo W, Ma Y. Dexmedetomidine reduces postoperative delirium after joint replacement in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016;28(4):729\u201336.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"841_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20210696","volume":"68","author":"L Lv","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lv L, Gu Y. Dexmedetomidine potential in attenuating postoperative delirium in elderly patients after total hip joint replacement. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2022;68(9):1166\u201371.","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)"},{"issue":"9","key":"841_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000605","volume":"34","author":"B Mei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mei B, Meng G, Xu G, Cheng X, Chen S, Zhang Y, et al. Intraoperative Sedation with Dexmedetomidine is Superior to Propofol for Elderly patients undergoing hip arthroplasty: a prospective randomized controlled study. Clin J Pain. 2018;34(9):811\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"841_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000779","volume":"36","author":"B Mei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mei B, Xu G, Han W, Lu X, Liu R, Cheng X, et al. Perioperative Neurocognitive disorders (PND) Study Group. The benefit of dexmedetomidine on postoperative cognitive function is unrelated to the modulation on peripheral inflammation: a Single-center, prospective, randomized study. Clin J Pain. 2020;36(2):88\u201395.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"841_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004438","volume":"138","author":"HJ Shin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shin HJ, Woo Nam S, Kim H, Yim S, Han SH, Hwang JW, et al. Postoperative delirium after Dexmedetomidine versus Propofol Sedation in healthy older adults undergoing Orthopedic Lower Limb surgery with spinal anesthesia: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2023;138(2):164\u201371.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"18","key":"841_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37931","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037931","volume":"103","author":"C Ye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ye C, Shen J, Zhang C, Hu C. Impact of intraoperative dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in elderly patients undergoing thoracolumbar compression fracture surgery: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Med (Baltim). 2024;103(18):e37931.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"841_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S439543","volume":"17","author":"S Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu S, Liu Y, Wang X, Wang L, Li J, Xue X, et al. Different sedation strategies in older patients receiving spinal anesthesia for hip surgery on postoperative delirium: a Randomized Clinical Trial. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023;17:3845\u201354.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"841_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-021-01441-3","volume":"21","author":"H Hong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hong H, Zhang DZ, Li M, Wang G, Zhu SN, Zhang Y, et al. Impact of dexmedetomidine supplemented analgesia on delirium in patients recovering from orthopedic surgery: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2021;21(1):223.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"841_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.12703\/r\/12-19","volume":"12","author":"O Qureshi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qureshi O, Arthur ME. Recent advances in predicting, preventing, and managing postoperative delirium. Fac Rev. 2023;12:19.","journal-title":"Fac Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"841_CR24","first-page":"1066","volume":"79","author":"F Bilotta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bilotta F, Lauretta MP, Borozdina A, Mizikov VM, Rosa G. Postoperative delirium: risk factors, diagnosis and perioperative care. Minerva Anestesiol. 2013;79(9):1066\u201376.","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"841_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-02035-4","volume":"15","author":"HJ Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang HJ, Ma XH, Ye JB, Liu CZ, Zhou ZY. Systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factor for postoperative delirium following spinal surgery. J Orthop Surg Res. 2020;15(1):509.","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"841_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S380616","volume":"16","author":"R Sica","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sica R, Wilson JM, Kim EJ, Culley DJ, Meints SM, Schreiber KL. The relationship of Postoperative Pain and Opioid Consumption to Postoperative Delirium after spine surgery. J Pain Res. 2023;16:287\u201394.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"841_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32991","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032991","volume":"102","author":"MZ Xiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiao MZ, Liu CX, Zhou LG, Yang Y, Wang Y. Postoperative delirium, neuroinflammation, and influencing factors of postoperative delirium: a review. Med (Baltim). 2023;102(8):e32991.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"841_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2023.111320","volume":"92","author":"OK Dilmen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dilmen OK, Meco BC, Evered LA, Radtke FM. Postoperative neurocognitive disorders: a clinical guide. J Clin Anesth. 2024;92:111320.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"841_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00577-7","volume":"18","author":"M Nassan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nassan M, Videnovic A. Circadian rhythms in neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022;18(1):7\u201324.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"21","key":"841_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5263","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3981-16.2017","volume":"37","author":"M Bellesi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bellesi M, de Vivo L, Chini M, Gilli F, Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep loss promotes astrocytic phagocytosis and microglial activation in mouse cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 2017;37(21):5263\u201373.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"841_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00389-9","volume":"114","author":"B Ondze","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ondze B, Espa F, Dauvilliers Y, Billiard M, Besset A. Sleep architecture, slow wave activity and sleep spindles in mild sleep disordered breathing. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(5):867\u201374.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"841_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2017.12.046","volume":"120","author":"SM Weinstein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weinstein SM, Poultsides L, Baaklini LR, M\u00f6rwald EE, Cozowicz C, Saleh JN, et al. Postoperative delirium in total knee and hip arthroplasty patients: a study of perioperative modifiable risk factors. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120(5):999\u20131008.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"841_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200222666211118115347","volume":"23","author":"C Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su C, Ren X, Wang H, Ding X, Guo J. Changing Pain Management Strategy from Opioid-centric towards Improve Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction with Dexmedetomidine. Curr Drug Metab. 2022;23(1):57\u201365.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"}],"container-title":["BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-025-00841-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40360-025-00841-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-025-00841-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T07:02:55Z","timestamp":1737356575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpharmacoltoxicol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40360-025-00841-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40360-025-00841-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-6511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-6511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors approved the final manuscript and the submission to this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8"}}