{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T21:58:52Z","timestamp":1775599132801,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"High Level Chinese Medical Hospital Promotion Project","award":["HLCMHPP2023027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HLCMHPP2023027"]}]},{"name":"Escort Project of Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science-Backbone Talent Cultivation Project","award":["GAMHH9324021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAMHH9324021"]}]},{"name":"Scientic Research Foundation for New recruits, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","award":["ZZ16-XRZ-045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZZ16-XRZ-045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Melasma is a common hyperpigmentation disorder that causes significant distress to patients. In the real world, it is closely associated with various medications, making the timely identification and discontinuation of causative drugs an important aspect of clinical management. This study investigates the relationship between melasma and drug exposure based on data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study includes reports from the first quarter of 2004 to the second quarter of 2024, focusing on cases related to melasma. We employed four statistical methods to analyze the association between suspected drugs and adverse events related to melasma.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Within a specific timeframe, we extracted a total of 408 adverse reaction reports related to melasma. The result shows that a higher number of cases in female patients compared to male patients. The United States had the highest number of reported cases. We identified 22 drugs that were notably associated with melasma. Among these, the contraceptive \u201cEthinylestradiol and norethindrone\u201d demonstrated the strongest signal of association.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Melasma is associated with exposure to various medications, with a notable proportion of cases coincided with contraceptive use. The mechanisms involved include hormonal disturbances and oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-025-00912-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T10:05:08Z","timestamp":1743415508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Melasma secondary to drugs: a real-world pharmacovigilance study of the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yaxin","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanzhang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingnan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanshuo","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"912_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20143063","volume":"89","author":"AC Handel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Handel AC, Miot LD, Miot HA. Melasma: a clinical and epidemiological review. Bras Dermatol. 2014;89(5):771\u201382.","journal-title":"Bras Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"912_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02470.x","volume":"45","author":"A Moin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moin A, Jabery Z, Fallah N. Prevalence and awareness of melasma during pregnancy. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45(3):285\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"912_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12404","volume":"28","author":"AY Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee AY. Recent progress in melasma pathogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2015;28(6):648\u201360.","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"912_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15143","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15143","volume":"34","author":"MS Kumaran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumaran MS, Narayan RV, Kaushik A, et al. 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