{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:21:56Z","timestamp":1791440516918,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-025-00997-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T13:17:23Z","timestamp":1759843043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Fenofibrate alleviates sepsis-associated acute kidney injury by enhancing renal fatty acid oxidation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Siyao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingkai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chumming","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junbo","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"997_CR1","first-page":"e37857","volume":"15","author":"S Tahir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tahir S, Ganie BA, Beigh TY, Hazar AJ, Reshi AR. Clinico-etiological spectrum and outcome in patients with septic acute kidney injury and its comparison with non-septic acute kidney injury: a hospital-based prospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in North India. Cureus. 2023;15(4):e37857.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"997_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05351-5","volume":"29","author":"T Takeuchi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Takeuchi T, Flannery AH, Liu LJ, Ghazi L, Cama-Olivares A, Fushimi K, et al. Epidemiology of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury in the ICU with contemporary consensus definitions. Crit Care. 2025;29(1):128.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"997_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06119-x","volume":"46","author":"F Uhel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uhel F, Peters-Sengers H, Falahi F, Scicluna BP, van Vught LA, Bonten MJ, et al. Mortality and host response aberrations associated with transient and persistent acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with sepsis: a prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(8):1576\u201389.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"997_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad142","volume":"39","author":"A Zarbock","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zarbock A, Koyner JL, Gomez H, Pickkers P, Forni L, Nadim MK, et al. Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury-treatment standard. Nephrol Dialysis transplant. 2024;39(1):26\u201335.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dialysis transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"997_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00683-3","volume":"19","author":"A Zarbock","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zarbock A, Nadim MK, Pickkers P, Gomez H, Bell S, Joannidis M, et al. Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 28th acute disease quality initiative workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2023;19(6):401\u201317.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"997_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pais T, Jorge S, Lopes JA. Acute kidney injury in sepsis. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(11).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115924"},{"key":"997_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805281","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.805281","volume":"13","author":"Z Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao Z, Chen X. Fatty acid beta-oxidation in kidney diseases: perspectives on pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:805281.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"997_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gewin LS. Sugar or fat? Renal tubular metabolism reviewed in health and disease. Nutrients. 2021;13(5).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051580"},{"issue":"10","key":"997_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14078","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14078","volume":"7","author":"T Iwaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iwaki T, Bennion BG, Stenson EK, Lynn JC, Otinga C, Djukovic D, et al. Pparalpha contributes to protection against metabolic and inflammatory derangements associated with acute kidney injury in experimental sepsis. Physiol Rep. 2019;7(10):e14078.","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"997_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329644","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1329644","volume":"15","author":"T Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang T, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang X. Advances in metabolic reprogramming of renal tubular epithelial cells in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Front Physiol. 2024;15:1329644.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"50","key":"997_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28510","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA00488A","volume":"8","author":"Z Pei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pei Z, Deng S, Xie D, Lv M, Guo W, Liu D, et al. Protective role of fenofibrate in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in BALB\/c mice. RSC Adv. 2018;8(50):28510\u201317.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"issue":"3","key":"997_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21764","volume":"82","author":"J Kaur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaur J, Kaur T, Sharma AK, Kaur J, Yadav HN, Pathak D, et al. Fenofibrate attenuates ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury and associated liver dysfunction in rats. Drug Dev Res. 2021;82(3):412\u201321.","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"997_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-022-00510-8","volume":"28","author":"D Beyer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beyer D, Hoff J, Sommerfeld O, Zipprich A, Gassler N, Press AT. The liver in sepsis: molecular mechanism of liver failure and their potential for clinical translation. Mol Med. 2022;28(1):84.","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"997_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.186","volume":"13","author":"H Gomez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gomez H, Kellum JA, Ronco C. Metabolic reprogramming and tolerance during sepsis-induced AKI. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2017;13(3):143\u201351.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"7","key":"997_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1977","volume":"45","author":"JP Ferreira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferreira JP, Vasques-Novoa F, Ferrao D, Saraiva F, Falcao-Pires I, Neves JS, et al. Fenofibrate and heart failure outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: analysis from ACCORD. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(7):1584\u201391.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"997_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.17305\/bb.2022.8534","volume":"23","author":"L Jin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jin L, Hua H, Ji Y, Jia Z, Peng M, Huang S. Anti-inflammatory role of fenofibrate in treating diseases. Biomol Biomed. 2023;23(3):376\u201391.","journal-title":"Biomol Biomed"},{"key":"997_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2024.110920","volume":"392","author":"S Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang S, Zhang X, Hou Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Gao S, et al. SIRT6 activates PPARalpha to improve doxorubicin-induced myocardial cell aging and damage. Chem Biol Interact. 2024;392:110920.","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"issue":"8","key":"997_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2020-0259","volume":"99","author":"D Wei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wei D, Wu S, Liu J, Zhang X, Guan X, Gao L, et al. Theobromine ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating hepatic lipid metabolism via mTOR signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2021;99(8):775\u201385.","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"997_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96147","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096147","volume":"9","author":"YA Hong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hong YA, Lim JH, Kim MY, Kim TW, Kim Y, Yang KS, et al. Fenofibrate improves renal lipotoxicity through activation of AMPK-PGC-1alpha in db\/db mice. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96147.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"997_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azimzadeh O, Subramanian V, Sievert W, Merl-Pham J, Oleksenko K, Rosemann M, et al. Activation of PPARalpha by fenofibrate attenuates the effect of local heart high dose irradiation on the mouse cardiac proteome. Biomedicines. 2021;9(12).","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9121845"},{"issue":"6","key":"997_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2021.67.6.34","volume":"67","author":"M Lv","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lv M, Xie D, Long X. The effect of fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist, on cardiac damage from sepsis in BALB\/c mice. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-Grand). 2022;67(6):260\u201366.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-Grand)"},{"issue":"1","key":"997_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-023-00730-6","volume":"25","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang X, Wang J, Ying C, Xing Y, Su X, Men K. Fenofibrate alleviates NAFLD by enhancing the PPARalpha\/PGC-1alpha signaling pathway coupling mitochondrial function. BMC Pharmacol toxicol. 2024;25(1):7.","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"997_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23350","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23350","volume":"37","author":"AA Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali AA, Saad EB, El-Rhman RHA, El-Raouf OMA, Gad AM. Impact of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonist drugs in a model of nephrotoxicity in rats. J Biochem Mol toxicol. 2023;37(6):e23350.","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"997_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-022-01713-1","volume":"45","author":"GM Gallucci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gallucci GM, Alsuwayt B, Auclair AM, Boyer JL, Assis DN, Ghonem NS. Fenofibrate downregulates NF-kappaB signaling to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in human THP-1 Macrophages and during primary biliary cholangitis. Inflammation. 2022;45(6):2570\u201381.","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"997_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.149413","volume":"694","author":"Y Shimizu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shimizu Y, Hamada K, Guo T, Hasegawa C, Kuga Y, Takeda K, et al. Role of PPARalpha in inflammatory response of C2C12 myotubes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2024;694:149413.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"997_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crphys.2024.100133","volume":"8","author":"SK Masenga","year":"2025","unstructured":"Masenga SK, Desta S, Hatcher M, Kirabo A, Lee DL. How PPAR-alpha mediated inflammation may affect the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease. Curr Res Physiol. 2025;8:100133.","journal-title":"Curr Res Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"997_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F667","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2000.278.4.F667","volume":"278","author":"D Portilla","year":"2000","unstructured":"Portilla D, Dai G, Peters JM, Gonzalez FJ, Crew MD, Proia AD. Etomoxir-induced PPARalpha-modulated enzymes protect during acute renal failure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000;278(4):F667\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"21","key":"997_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160343","volume":"130","author":"M Harada","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harada M, Kamijo Y, Nakajima T, Hashimoto K, Yamada Y, Shimojo H, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-dependent renoprotection of murine kidney by irbesartan. Clin Sci (lond). 2016;130(21):1969\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Sci (lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"997_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-01026-z","volume":"30","author":"Z Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Z, Cheng Y, Fan J, Luo R, Xu G, Ge S. Deletion of lymphotoxin-\u03b2 receptor (LT\u03b2R) protects against acute kidney injury by PPAR\u03b1 pathway. Mol Med. 2024;30(1):254.","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"997_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20220787","volume":"137","author":"M Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang M, Zhang Q, Luo S, Han Y, Zhao H, Jiang N, et al. DsbA-L alleviates tubular injury in diabetic nephropathy by activating mitophagy through maintenance of MAM integrity. Clin Sci (lond). 2023;137(12):931\u201345.","journal-title":"Clin Sci (lond)"},{"key":"997_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935937","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.935937","volume":"13","author":"M Yao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yao M, Qin S, Xiong J, Xin W, Guan X, Gong S, et al. Oroxylin a ameliorates AKI-to-CKD transition through maintaining PPARalpha-BNIP3 signaling-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:935937.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-025-00997-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40360-025-00997-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-025-00997-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T13:17:25Z","timestamp":1759843045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpharmacoltoxicol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40360-025-00997-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["997"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40360-025-00997-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-6511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-6511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study involves animal models, all animal experimental protocols were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Harbin Medical University (SYDW2025\u2013052).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"160"}}