{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T01:07:13Z","timestamp":1783040833614,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Centre Egypt"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Apigenin (APG), a naturally occurring flavonoid, has been widely reported to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory effects. However, its therapeutic impact on obesity-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), particularly in relation to hepatic fibrosis and tissue biophysical properties, remains incompletely characterized. This study investigated the effects of APG on biochemical, histopathological, molecular, and dielectric characteristics of the liver in a diet-induced obese rat model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-four male rats were equally divided into 4 groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096\/each).The first (control) and second (obese) groups were not treated while the obese rats in the third and fourth groups were given 25 and 50\u00a0mg\/kg APG orally respectively for 6 weeks. Inflammatory markers, oxidative stress parameters and routine liver function tests were estimated. Moreover, histological study was performed. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy was applied ex vivo to characterize frequency-dependent dielectric properties of liver tissue following uniform fixation and dehydration protocols.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>APG treatment was associated with a dose-dependent attenuation of hepatic signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3) and its phosphorylated (p-STAT3) levels and a significant enhancement of nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2013related factor 2 (NRF2) expression. These molecular changes were accompanied by reductions in plasma inflammatory markers, liver function enzyme levels, and body mass index (BMI) in obese rats. APG also significantly improved hepatic redox status, as indicated by increased glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), reflecting decreased lipid peroxidation. Histological analyses demonstrated marked reductions in hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in APG-treated groups. Dielectric spectroscopy revealed obesity-associated alterations in tissue dielectric behavior, including reduced dielectric constant and loss, increased real impedance, and altered conductivity across frequency ranges. APG administration partially to markedly restore these dielectric parameters toward control values in a dose-dependent manner, with the higher dose exhibiting the greatest degree of normalization in impedance spectra and Nyquist plot profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Collectively, these findings indicate that apigenin ameliorates obesity-induced hepatic dysfunction through coordinated improvements in inflammatory signaling, oxidative balance, and tissue architecture. Changes in dielectric properties were interpreted as associative biophysical signatures of structural and compositional tissue remodeling, rather than direct measures of in vivo membrane electrophysiology. Within these limits, dielectric spectroscopy emerges as a complementary, non-invasive biophysical approach for monitoring hepatic tissue alterations and therapeutic response in experimental NAFLD models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-026-01097-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T02:05:48Z","timestamp":1771553148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Apigenin attenuates obesity-associated hepatic dysfunction and fibrosis in rats: an integrated biochemical, histological, and ex vivo dielectric study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4553-3842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif Abdelmottaleb","family":"Moussa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehab F.","family":"Abdel-Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marawan A.","family":"Elbaset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hany M.","family":"Fayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa E.","family":"Shabana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma A.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir A. E.","family":"Bashandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1097_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.189","volume":"12","author":"DE Lackey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lackey DE, Olefsky JM. Regulation of metabolism by the innate immune system. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12:15\u201328.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"1097_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spengler EK, Loomba R. Recommendations for diagnosis, referral for liver biopsy, and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Elsevier; 2015. pp. 1233\u201346.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.06.013"},{"key":"1097_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109199","volume":"330","author":"C-Y Lian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lian C-Y, Zhai Z-Z, Li Z-F, Wang L. High fat diet-triggered non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review of proposed mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact. 2020;330:109199.","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"1097_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0464-1","volume":"87","author":"M Malaguarnera","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malaguarnera M, Di Rosa M, Nicoletti F, Malaguarnera L. Molecular mechanisms involved in NAFLD progression. J Mol Med. 2009;87:679\u201395.","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"1097_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.015","volume":"184","author":"R Loomba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Loomba R, Friedman SL, Shulman GI. Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell. 2021;184:2537\u201364.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1097_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.11","volume":"17","author":"O Krenkel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krenkel O, Tacke F. Liver macrophages in tissue homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17:306\u201321.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"1097_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.05.002","volume":"289","author":"A Ramadan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ramadan A, Afifi N, Yassin NZ, Abdel-Rahman RF, Abd El-Rahman SS, Fayed HM. Mesalazine, an osteopontin inhibitor: the potential prophylactic and remedial roles in induced liver fibrosis in rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2018;289:109\u201318.","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"1097_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00013.2007","volume":"88","author":"SL Friedman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Friedman SL. Hepatic stellate cells: protean, multifunctional, and enigmatic cells of the liver. Physiol Rev. 2008;88:125\u201372.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"1097_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0260130","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260130","volume":"16","author":"RF Abdel-Rahman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdel-Rahman RF, Fayed HM, Asaad GF, Ogaly HA, Hessin AF, Salama AAA, et al. The involvement of TGF-$\u03b2$1 \/FAK\/$\u03b1$-SMA pathway in the antifibrotic impact of rice Bran oil on thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0260130.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1097_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.07.027","volume":"67","author":"H Hagstr\u00f6m","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hagstr\u00f6m H, Nasr P, Ekstedt M, Hammar U, St\u00e5l P, Hultcrantz R, et al. Fibrosis stage but not NASH predicts mortality and time to development of severe liver disease in biopsy-proven NAFLD. J Hepatol. 2017;67:1265\u201373.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1097_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-010-0089-7","volume":"27","author":"S Shukla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shukla S, Gupta S. Apigenin: a promising molecule for cancer prevention. Pharm Res. 2010;27:962\u201378.","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"1097_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung UJ, Cho Y-Y, Choi M-S. Apigenin ameliorates dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance by modulating metabolic and transcriptional profiles in the liver of high-fat diet-Induced obese mice. Nutrients. 2016;8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8050305"},{"key":"1097_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13346","DOI":"10.1021\/jf203490a","volume":"59","author":"M Ono","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ono M, Fujimori K. Antiadipogenic effect of dietary apigenin through activation of AMPK in 3T3-L1 cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2011;59:13346\u201352.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"1097_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1139","volume":"62","author":"C Escande","year":"2013","unstructured":"Escande C, Nin V, Price NL, Capellini V, Gomes AP, Barbosa MT, et al. Flavonoid apigenin is an inhibitor of the NAD\u2009+\u2009ase CD38: implications for cellular NAD+ metabolism, protein acetylation, and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes. 2013;62:1084\u201393.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1097_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.04.017","volume":"49","author":"K Heileman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heileman K, Daoud J, Tabrizian M. Dielectric spectroscopy as a viable biosensing tool for cell and tissue characterization and analysis. Biosens Bioelectron. 2013;49:348\u201359.","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"1097_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093177","volume":"21","author":"MR Stoneman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stoneman MR, Raicu V. Dielectric spectroscopy based detection of specific and nonspecific cellular mechanisms. Sensors. 2021;21:3177.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1097_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073434","volume":"23","author":"C Buisson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buisson C, Mounien L, Sicard F, Landrier J-F, Tishkova V, Sabouroux P. Dielectric and biological characterization of liver tissue in a High-Fat diet mouse model. Sensors. 2023;23:3434.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"1097_CR18","first-page":"240","volume":"29","author":"M-C Hsu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hsu M-C, Guo B-C, Chen C-H, Hu P-A, Lee T-S. Apigenin ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation by activating the autophagy-mitochondria pathway. J Food Drug Anal. 2021;29:240.","journal-title":"J Food Drug Anal"},{"key":"1097_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16010","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42550-y","volume":"13","author":"SAE Bashandy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bashandy SAE, El-Seidy AMA, Ibrahim FAA, Abdelrahman SS, Abdelmottaleb Moussa SA, ElBaset MA. Zinc nanoparticles ameliorated obesity-induced cardiovascular disease: role of metabolic syndrome and iron overload. Sci Rep. 2023;13:16010.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1097_CR20","first-page":"1666","volume":"15","author":"S Borkar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borkar S, Goyal S. Hesperidin & apigenin attenuates diabetes & lipid levels in experimentally induced diabetes mellitus in Wistar rats. Int J. 2024;15:1666\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J"},{"key":"1097_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.34172\/jhp.2023.21","volume":"12","author":"RF Abdel-Rahman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdel-Rahman RF, Fayed HM, Mohamed MA, Hessin AF, Asaad GF, AbdelRahman SS, et al. Apigenin role against thioacetamide-triggered liver fibrosis: Deciphering the PPAR\u03b3\/TGF-\u03b21\/NF-\u03baB and the HIF\/FAK\/AKT pathways. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2023;12:202\u201313.","journal-title":"J Herbmed Pharmacol"},{"key":"1097_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12020116","volume":"12","author":"S Fuentes-V\u00e9lez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fuentes-V\u00e9lez S, Fagoonee S, Sanginario A, Pizzi M, Altruda F, Demarchi D. Electrical impedance-based characterization of hepatic tissue with early-stage fibrosis. Biosensors. 2022;12:116.","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"1097_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-023-09790-0","volume":"39","author":"G Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li G, Liu C, Yang L, Feng L, Zhang S, An J, et al. Syringaresinol protects against diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting pyroptosis via NRF2-mediated antioxidant pathway. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2023;39:621\u201339.","journal-title":"Cell Biol Toxicol"},{"key":"1097_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qadi HH, Bendary MA, Almaghrabi SY, Zaher MAF, Karami MM, Alsehli AM, et al. Exploring the therapeutic potential of apigenin in obesity-associated fibrinolytic dysfunction: insights from an animal study. Cureus. 2023;15.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.40943"},{"key":"1097_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805827","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.805827","volume":"12","author":"Y Qiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qiao Y, Zhang Z, Zhai Y, Yan X, Zhou W, Liu H, et al. Apigenin alleviates obesity-associated metabolic syndrome by regulating the composition of the gut Microbiome. Front Microbiol. 2022;12:805827.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1097_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113670","volume":"382","author":"N Mohaghegh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohaghegh N, Iyer A, Wang E, Balajam NZ, Kang H, Akbari M, et al. Apigenin-loaded nanoparticles for obesity intervention through Immunomodulation and adipocyte Browning. J Control Release. 2025;382:113670.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"1097_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3109\/13685538.2012.669436","volume":"15","author":"W Wonisch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wonisch W, Falk A, Sundl I, Winklhofer-Roob BM, Lindschinger M. Oxidative stress increases continuously with BMI and age with unfavourable profiles in males. Aging Male. 2012;15:159\u201365.","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"1097_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637027","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/637027","volume":"2014","author":"AM Gusdon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gusdon AM, Song K, Qu S. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathogenesis and therapeutics from a mitochondria-centric perspective. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:637027.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"1097_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i10.1325","volume":"7","author":"L Polimeni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Polimeni L, Del Ben M, Baratta F, Perri L, Albanese F, Pastori D, et al. Oxidative stress: new insights on the association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. World J Hepatol. 2015;7:1325.","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"1097_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-020-01991-2","volume":"394","author":"M Goudarzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goudarzi M, Kalantar M, Sadeghi E, Karamallah MH, Kalantar H. Protective effects of apigenin on altered lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and antioxidant factors in methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2021;394:523\u201331.","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"1097_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1061","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0000955176.81364.7e","volume":"118","author":"K Gopalakrishnan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnan K, Samaddar P, Anwar A, Yaqoob U, Sakrikar N, Arunachalam SP. S1384 dielectric properties as a biomarker for the diagnosis of cholestatic liver disease: feasibility study in mice model. Off J Am Coll Gastroenterol ACG. 2023;118:S1061\u20132.","journal-title":"Off J Am Coll Gastroenterol ACG"},{"key":"1097_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8842","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2021.3090508","volume":"69","author":"AS Janani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Janani AS, Rezaeieh SA, Darvazehban A, Zamani A, Brankovic A, Mohammed B, et al. Hepatic steatosis detection using differential effective permittivity. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 2021;69:8842\u201353.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Antennas Propag"},{"key":"1097_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2014.03.004","volume":"32","author":"L Baird","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baird L, Swift S, Ll\u00e8res D, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Monitoring Keap1\u2013Nrf2 interactions in single live cells. Biotechnol Adv. 2014;32:1133\u201344.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"key":"1097_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583098","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1583098","volume":"2017","author":"Z Tuzcu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tuzcu Z, Orhan C, Sahin N, Juturu V, Sahin K. Cinnamon polyphenol extract inhibits hyperlipidemia and inflammation by modulation of transcription factors in high-fat diet\u2010fed rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:1583098.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"1097_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105295","volume":"99","author":"TS Aldayel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aldayel TS. Apigenin attenuates high-fat diet-induced nephropathy in rats by hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, and concomitant activation of the Nrf2\/antioxidant axis. J Funct Foods. 2022;99:105295.","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"1097_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.05.015","volume":"71","author":"Y Lv","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lv Y, Gao X, Luo Y, Fan W, Shen T, Ding C, et al. Apigenin ameliorates HFD-induced NAFLD through regulation of the XO\/NLRP3 pathways. J Nutr Biochem. 2019;71:110\u201321.","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"1097_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370219898141","volume":"245","author":"D Dhar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dhar D, Baglieri J, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. Mechanisms of liver fibrosis and its role in liver cancer. Exp Biol Med. 2020;245:96\u2013108.","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"1097_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i12.3078","volume":"20","author":"R Cardin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cardin R, Piciocchi M, Bortolami M, Kotsafti A, Barzon L, Lavezzo E, et al. Oxidative damage in the progression of chronic liver disease to hepatocellular carcinoma: an intricate pathway. World J Gastroenterol WJG. 2014;20:3078.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol WJG"},{"key":"1097_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.04.014","volume":"136","author":"X Feng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feng X, Yu W, Li X, Zhou F, Zhang W, Shen Q, et al. Apigenin, a modulator of PPAR\u03b3, attenuates HFD-induced NAFLD by regulating hepatocyte lipid metabolism and oxidative stress via Nrf2 activation. Biochem Pharmacol. 2017;136:136\u201349.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"1097_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2023.101115","volume":"11","author":"P Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen P, Yao L, Yuan M, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Jiang Y, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction: A promising therapeutic target for liver diseases. Genes Dis. 2024;11:101115.","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"1097_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167488","volume":"1870","author":"A Mou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mou A, Sun F, Tong D, Wang L, Lu Z, Cao T, et al. Dietary apigenin ameliorates obesity-related hypertension through TRPV4-dependent vasorelaxation and TRPV4-independent adiponectin secretion. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis Dis. 2024;1870:167488.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis Dis"},{"key":"1097_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcp158","volume":"103","author":"JK Dowman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dowman JK, Tomlinson JW, Newsome PN. Pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. QJM Int J Med. 2010;103:71\u201383.","journal-title":"QJM Int J Med"},{"key":"1097_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.033","volume":"70","author":"Z air MYounossi","year":"2019","unstructured":"air MYounossi Z. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\u2013a global public health perspective. J Hepatol. 2019;70:531\u201344.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1097_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.10.027","volume":"76","author":"M Pavlides","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pavlides M, Francis S, Barnes E. Abbreviated MRI to screen for HCC in patients with cirrhosis. A step forward but a long road ahead. J Hepatol. 2022;76:981\u20132.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1097_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051342","volume":"11","author":"M Melaibari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Melaibari M, Alkreathy HM, Esmat A, Rajeh NA, Shaik RA, Alghamdi AA, et al. Anti-fibrotic efficacy of apigenin in a mice model of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis by modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrogenesis: a preclinical study. Biomedicines. 2023;11:1342.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"1097_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6651839","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6651839","volume":"2021","author":"J Ji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ji J, Yu Q, Dai W, Wu L, Feng J, Zheng Y, et al. Apigenin alleviates liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation and autophagy via TGF-\u03b21\/Smad3 and p38\/PPAR\u03b1 pathways. PPAR Res. 2021;2021:6651839.","journal-title":"PPAR Res"},{"key":"1097_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2017.10.002","volume":"635","author":"K Ghoshal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghoshal K, Chakraborty S, Das C, Chattopadhyay S, Chowdhury S, Bhattacharyya M. Dielectric properties of plasma membrane: A signature for dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2017;635:27\u201336.","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"1097_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2017.01.030","volume":"1861","author":"M Yusupov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yusupov M, Van der Paal J, Neyts EC, Bogaerts A. Synergistic effect of electric field and lipid oxidation on the permeability of cell membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)-General Subj. 2017;1861:839\u201347.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)-General Subj"},{"key":"1097_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2023.108498","volume":"153","author":"K Balanti\u010d","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balanti\u010d K, Weiss VU, Pittenauer E, Miklav\u010di\u010d D, Kramar P. The role of lipid oxidation on electrical properties of planar lipid bilayers and its importance for Understanding electroporation. Bioelectrochemistry. 2023;153:108498.","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"1097_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2023.2236329","volume":"26","author":"Z Mushtaq","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mushtaq Z, Sadeer NB, Hussain M, Mahwish, Alsagaby SA, Imran M, et al. Therapeutical properties of apigenin: a review on the experimental evidence and basic mechanisms. Int J Food Prop. 2023;26:1914\u201339.","journal-title":"Int J Food Prop"},{"key":"1097_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10101643","volume":"10","author":"W Alam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alam W, Rocca C, Khan H, Hussain Y, Aschner M, De Bartolo A, et al. Current status and future perspectives on therapeutic potential of apigenin: focus on metabolic-syndrome-dependent organ dysfunction. Antioxidants. 2021;10:1643.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"1097_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2018.2853269","volume":"17","author":"OI Al-Surkhi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Surkhi OI, Naser RY. Detection of cell morphological changes of ischemic rabbit liver tissue using bioimpedance spectroscopy. IEEE Trans Nanobiosci. 2018;17:402\u20138.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Nanobiosci"},{"key":"1097_CR53","first-page":"415","volume":"14","author":"S Jamshidi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jamshidi S, Sofiabadi M, Eslami M. Apigenin attenuates serum concentrations of TNF-a, Interleukin 1b and Interleukin 6 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rats. Avicenna J Phytomedicine. 2024;14:415.","journal-title":"Avicenna J Phytomedicine"},{"key":"1097_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s43066-024-00318-7","volume":"14","author":"ZZ Alamri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alamri ZZ. Protective and therapeutic effects of apigenin on thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats: physiological and morphological study. Egypt Liver J. 2024;14:15.","journal-title":"Egypt Liver J"},{"key":"1097_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-024-01359-9","volume":"46","author":"W Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao W, Sheng R. The correlation between mitochondria-associated Endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) and Ca2\u2009+\u2009transport in the pathogenesis of diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2025;46:271\u201391.","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"}],"container-title":["BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40360-026-01097-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-026-01097-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-026-01097-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:32:13Z","timestamp":1781634733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40360-026-01097-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40360-026-01097-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7677061\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-6511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-6511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Animal experimentation was carried out in compliance with the regulations established by the National Research Centre\u2019s Medical Research Ethics Committee (MREC); Approval # 13060187.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed consents were obtained from all authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"42"}}