{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:00:24Z","timestamp":1781647224671,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":45,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a psychostimulant known for its social and empathogenic effects. However, its long-term impact on sexual performance and reproductive functions remain controversial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, the effects of chronic MDMA exposure and subsequent withdrawal on sexual behaviour, reproductive hormones, sperm parameters, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and testicular histology in male rats were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifteen male rats were divided into three groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095 rats\/group): control (distilled water-treated), MDMA-treated (100\u00a0mg\/kg orally for 30 days), and MDMA-withdrawal (100\u00a0mg\/kg of MDMA for 30 days followed by 30-day drug-free recovery). Sexual behaviour was assessed every ten days for 60 days. Epididymal sperm suspension analysis, serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, markers of oxidative stress and inflammation interleukins 1beta, 6, and 10 (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) in serum and testes, and histological evaluations of testes were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MDMA significantly enhanced sexual behavioural parameters (mount, intromission, and ejaculation frequencies) during exposure, but these declined with drug withdrawal. Sperm count and motility decreased following MDMA treatment, with partial recovery after withdrawal. Oxidative stress marker (malondialdehyde, MDA) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1) were significantly increased while antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, total thiol] were significantly decreased both in the serum and testes. MDMA also suppressed LH, FSH, and testosterone levels, while histological analysis showed reduced spermatid populations, which improved post-cessation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MDMA elicits prosexual effects that was accompanied by low epididymal sperm quality, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hormonal suppression during exposure. Nonetheless, partial recovery occurred following MDMA cessation, suggesting potential long-term reproductive risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-026-01131-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T10:36:14Z","timestamp":1775903774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of MDMA treatment and cessation on sexual behaviour and testicular functions in male sprague-dawley rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"O. O.","family":"Obembe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. T.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Mustapha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. E.","family":"Akhigbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1131_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12717","volume":"8","author":"AF Ajayi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ajayi AF, Akhigbe RE. Assessment of sexual behaviour and fertility indices in male rabbits following chronic codeine use. Andrology. 2020;8(2):509\u201315.","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"1131_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657872","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2025.1657872","volume":"7","author":"RE Akhigbe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Akhigbe RE. Oxidative stress and male fertility. Front Reproductive Health. 2025;7:1657872.","journal-title":"Front Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"1131_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0274411","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274411","volume":"17","author":"RE Akhigbe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akhigbe RE, Afolabi OA, Ajayi AF. L-Arginine reverses maternal and pre-pubertal codeine exposure-induced sexual dysfunction via upregulation of androgen receptor gene and NO\/cGMP signaling. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(9):e0274411.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1131_CR4","first-page":"p102144","volume":"43","author":"RE Akhigbe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Akhigbe RE, Akhigbe TM, Adegbola CA. Micronized purified flavonoid fraction (daflon) improves sexual function by modulating NF-kB\/NO\/cGMP and steroidogenic signaling in cisplatin-treated male Wistar rats. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2025;43:p102144.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p2336627","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2024.2336627","volume":"27","author":"BA Akorede","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akorede BA, Hassan SA, Akhigbe RE. Penile erection and cardiovascular function: effects and pathophysiology. Aging Male. 2024;27(1):p2336627.","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.08.002","volume":"191","author":"M Barenys","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barenys M, Macia N, Camps L, de Lapuente J, Gomez-Catalan J, Gonzalez-Linares J, Borras M, Rodamilans M, Llobet JM. Chronic exposure to MDMA (ecstasy) increases DNA damage in sperm and alters testes histopathology in male rats. Toxicol Lett. 2009;191(1):40\u20136.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"9","key":"1131_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.11.005","volume":"37","author":"CW Berridge","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berridge CW, Arnsten AF. Psychostimulants and motivated behavior: arousal and cognition. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2013;37(9):1976\u201384.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"11","key":"1131_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301159","volume":"31","author":"CW Berridge","year":"2006","unstructured":"Berridge CW. Neural substrates of psychostimulant-induced arousal. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31(11):2332\u201340.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225675","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2023.2225675","volume":"28","author":"EE Besong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Besong EE, Akhigbe TM, Ashonibare PJ, Oladipo AA, Obimma JN, Hamed MA, Adeyemi DH, Akhigbe RE. Zinc improves sexual performance and erectile function by preventing penile oxidative injury and upregulating circulating testosterone in lead-exposed rats. Redox Rep. 2023;28(1):2225675.","journal-title":"Redox Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"1131_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03860-4","volume":"202","author":"EE Besong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Besong EE, Akhigbe TM, Obimma JN, Obembe OO, Akhigbe RE. Acetate abates arsenic-induced male reproductive toxicity by suppressing HDAC and uric acid\u2013driven oxido-inflammatory NF k B\/iNOS\/NO response in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024;202(6):2672\u201387.","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1131_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1986.10472369","volume":"18","author":"J Buffum","year":"1986","unstructured":"Buffum J, Moser C. MDMA and human sexual function. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1986;18(4):355\u20139.","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"1131_CR12","unstructured":"Cagiano R, Bera I, Sabatini R, Flace P, Vermesan D, Vermesan H, Dragulescu SI, Bottalico L, Santacroce L. Effects on rat sexual behaviour of acute MDMA (ecstasy) alone or in combination with loud music. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2008;12(5)."},{"key":"1131_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciuc\u0103 Anghel DM, Ni\u021bescu GV, Tiron AT, Gu\u021bu CM, Baconi DL. Understanding the mechanisms of action and effects of drugs of abuse. Molecules. 2023;28(13):4969.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28134969"},{"key":"1131_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.09.021","volume":"48","author":"BM Cox","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cox BM, Shah MM, Cichon T, Tancer ME, Galloway MP, Thomas DM, Perrine SA. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of repeated MDMA administration during late adolescence in the rat. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2014;48:229\u201335.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1131_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000119691","volume":"88","author":"SM Dickerson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dickerson SM, Walker DM, Reveron ME, Duvauchelle CL, Gore AC. The recreational drug ecstasy disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal reproductive axis in adult male rats. Neuroendocrinology. 2008;88(2):95\u2013102.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"1131_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7952","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007952","volume":"4","author":"S Doly","year":"2009","unstructured":"Doly S, Bertran-Gonzalez J, Callebert J, Bruneau A, Banas SM, Belmer A, Boutourlinsky K, Herv\u00e9 D, Launay JM, Maroteaux L. Role of serotonin via 5-HT2B receptors in the reinforcing effects of MDMA in mice. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(11):e7952.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1131_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellinwood EH. Neuropharmacology of amphetamines and related stimulants. Amphetamines and related stimulants. CRC Press; 2019. p. 69\u201384.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429279843-5"},{"issue":"18","key":"1131_CR18","first-page":"100","volume":"4","author":"EO Erhirhie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Erhirhie EO, Ekene NE, Ajaghaku DL. Guidelines on dosage calculation and stock solution preparation in experimental animals\u2019 studies. J Nat Sci Res. 2014;4(18):100\u20136.","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/9.1.110","volume":"9","author":"CH Frith","year":"1987","unstructured":"Frith CH, Chang LW, Lattin DL, Walls RC, Hamm J, Doblin R. Toxicity of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the dog and the rat. Toxicol Sci. 1987;9(1):110\u20139.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"1131_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p1301406","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2023.1301406","volume":"17","author":"L Gayt\u00e1n-Tocav\u00e9n","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gayt\u00e1n-Tocav\u00e9n L, Aguilar-Moreno A, Ortiz J, Alcauter S, Antonio-Cabrera E, Paredes RG. Identification of neural circuits controlling male sexual behavior and sexual motivation by manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Front Behav Neurosci. 2023;17:p1301406.","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"1131_CR21","unstructured":"Goad PT. 1985. Acute and subacute oral toxicity of methylenedioxymethamphetamine in rats. Intox Laboatories: Redfield, AK, USA."},{"key":"1131_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamed MA, Ekundina VO, Akhigbe RE. Psychoactive drugs and male fertility: impacts and mechanisms. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2023;21(1):69.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-023-01098-2"},{"key":"1131_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897029","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.897029","volume":"13","author":"H Hasan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasan H, Bhushan S, Fijak M, Meinhardt A. Mechanism of inflammatory associated impairment of sperm function, spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:897029.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1131_CR24","first-page":"257","volume":"121","author":"ML Hu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hu ML, Louie S, Cross CE, Motchnik P, Halliwell B. Antioxidant protection against hypochlorous acid in human plasma. J Lab Clin Med. 1993;121(2):257\u201362.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1131_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3182979d32","volume":"33","author":"CM Hysek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hysek CM, Fink AE, Simmler LD, Donzelli M, Grouzmann E, Liechti ME. \u03b11-adrenergic receptors contribute to the acute effects of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33(5):658\u201366.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2006.10399822","volume":"38","author":"KL Jansen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jansen KL, Theron L. Ecstasy (MDMA), methamphetamine, and date rape (drug-facilitated sexual assault): a consideration of the issues. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2006;38(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu222","volume":"143","author":"LE Lizarraga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lizarraga LE, Cholanians AB, Phan AV, Herndon JM, Lau SS, Monks TJ. Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 and the acute and long-term response to 3, 4-(\u00b1)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Toxicol Sci. 2015;143(1):209\u201319.","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"1131_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2025.02.002","author":"MS Martinez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Martinez MS, Chocobar YA, Fariz Y, Paira DA, Rivero VE, Motrich RD. Effects of semen inflammation on embryo implantation, placentation, pregnancy outcomes and offspring health. Placenta. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.placenta.2025.02.002.","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"1131_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-200066814","volume":"40","author":"K McElrath","year":"2005","unstructured":"McElrath K. MDMA and sexual behavior: ecstasy users\u2019 perceptions about sexuality and sexual risk. Subst Use Misuse. 2005;40(9\u201310):1461\u201377.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"1131_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melis MR, Sanna F, Argiolas A. Dopamine, erectile function and male sexual behavior from the past to the present: a review. Brain Sci. 2022;12(7):826.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070826"},{"issue":"11","key":"1131_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.11.1012","volume":"57","author":"CM Meston","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meston CM, Frohlich PF. The neurobiology of sexual function. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(11):1012\u201330.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"1131_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S445","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935226","volume":"72","author":"L Mihal\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mihal\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1 L, \u0160lamberov\u00e1 R. An overview of the methamphetamine effect on male sexual behavior and reproductive system. Physiol Res. 2023;72(Suppl 5):S445.","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"1131_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45228-9","volume":"247","author":"HP Misra","year":"1972","unstructured":"Misra HP, Fridovich I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem. 1972;247(10):3170\u20135.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1131_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mott MN, Goeders NE. Sexual effects of commonly used recreational psychostimulants in women and the female rat model. Sex Med Rev. 2024;12(3):256\u201362.","DOI":"10.1093\/sxmrev\/qeae010"},{"key":"1131_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.04.052","volume":"329","author":"A Mouri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mouri A, Noda Y, Niwa M, Matsumoto Y, Mamiya T, Nitta A, Yamada K, Furukawa S, Iwamura T, Nabeshima T. The involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced place preference and behavioral sensitization. Behav Brain Res. 2017;329:157\u201365.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/26318318241287173","volume":"7","author":"AS Mutha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mutha AS, Mulay AM, Reddy DN, Rao TS, Langade D. Exploring Pleasure and Risks: The Interplay Between Recreational Substances and Sexual Health. J Psychosexual Health. 2025;7(1):18\u201328.","journal-title":"J Psychosexual Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-02449-x","volume":"13","author":"DA Navarro-Nolasco","year":"2025","unstructured":"Navarro-Nolasco DA, Chi-Casta\u00f1eda D, L\u00f3pez-Meraz ML, Beltran-Parrazal L, Morgado-Valle C. The medial prefrontal cortex as a proposed regulatory structure in the relationship between anxiety and perceived social support: a review. BMC Psychol. 2025;13(1):152.","journal-title":"BMC Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1131_CR38","first-page":"646","volume":"19","author":"M Nouri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nouri M, Movassaghi S, Soleimani M, Sharifi ZN. Protective effect of pentoxifylline on male Wistar rat testicular germ cell apoptosis induced by 3, 4-methylenedioxymeth amphetamine. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2016;19(6):646.","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1131_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v18i3.23","volume":"18","author":"OO Obembe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Obembe OO, Raji Y. Effects of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seed on cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats. Afr Health Sci. 2018;18(3):653\u201363.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"1131_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obembe OO, Mustapha RA, George ET, Dare BJ, Atere TG, Akhigbe RE. Acyclovir induces testicular damage and impairs HPT axis by upregulating oxidative enzymes and inflammatory cytokines in male Wistar rats. JBRA Assist Reprod. 2025;29(3):481.","DOI":"10.5935\/1518-0557.20250022"},{"key":"1131_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obembe OO, Ojetola AA, Atere TG, Abayomi TA, Dare BJ, Adeyemi DH, Oyeyipo IP. Buchholzia coriacea seed induce antifertility by interfering with steroidogenic enzymes and inflammatory cytokines in rat testis. J Reprod Immunol. 2023;157:103923.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2023.103923"},{"issue":"7","key":"1131_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300673","volume":"30","author":"E O\u2019Shea","year":"2005","unstructured":"O\u2019Shea E, Escobedo I, Orio L, Sanchez V, Navarro M, Green AR, Colado MI. Elevation of ambient room temperature has differential effects on MDMA-induced 5-HT and dopamine release in striatum and nucleus accumbens of rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30(7):1312\u201323.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1131_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2468","volume":"30","author":"AC Parrott","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parrott AC. Why all stimulant drugs are damaging to recreational users: an empirical overview and psychobiological explanation. Hum Psychopharmacology: Clin Experimental. 2015;30(4):213\u201324.","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacology: Clin Experimental"},{"issue":"5","key":"1131_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.11.044","volume":"64","author":"T Passie","year":"2005","unstructured":"Passie T, Hartmann U, Schneider U, Emrich HM, Kr\u00fcger TH. Ecstasy (MDMA) mimics the post-orgasmic state: impairment of sexual drive and function during acute MDMA-effects may be due to increased prolactin secretion. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(5):899\u2013903.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2009.10.004","volume":"58","author":"JG Pfaus","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pfaus JG, Wilkins MF, DiPietro N, Benibgui M, Toledano R, Rowe A, Couch MC. Inhibitory and disinhibitory effects of psychomotor stimulants and depressants on the sexual behavior of male and female rats. Horm Behav. 2010;58(1):163\u201376.","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"1131_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2012.725029","volume":"42","author":"SJ Rietjens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rietjens SJ, Hondebrink L, Remco HS, Westerink, Meulenbelt J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): interindividual differences due to polymorphisms and drug\u2013drug interactions. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2012;42(10):854\u201376.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-024-04293-8","volume":"50","author":"OB Rivera-Maya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rivera-Maya OB, Ortiz-Robles CD, Palacios-Valladares JR, Calder\u00f3n-Aranda ES. Dopamine D1-Like Receptor Stimulation Induces CREB, Arc, and BDNF Dynamic Changes in Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells. Neurochem Res. 2025;50(1):1\u201314.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"1131_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00272","volume":"10","author":"PS Rojas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rojas PS, Fiedler JL. What do we really know about 5-HT1A receptor signaling in neuronal cells? Front Cell Neurosci. 2016;10:272.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"1131_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01543299","volume":"22","author":"RC Rosen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rosen RC, Ashton AK. Prosexual drugs: empirical status of the new aphrodisiacs. Arch Sex Behav. 1993;22:521\u201343.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03333-y","volume":"398","author":"WA Saka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saka WA, Oladipo AA, Kolawole OR, Olayioye A, Akhigbe RE. Sexual dysfunction in dichlorvos-exposed male Wistar rat is ameliorated by curcumin and associated with the upregulation of testosterone. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025;398(1):1003\u201312.","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.11.020","volume":"25","author":"Y Schmid","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmid Y, Hysek CM, Preller KH, Bosch OG, Bilderbeck AC, Rogers RD, Quednow BB, Liechti ME. Effects of methylphenidate and MDMA on appraisal of erotic stimuli and intimate relationships. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(1):17\u201325.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1131_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(72)90132-7","volume":"47","author":"AK Sinha","year":"1972","unstructured":"Sinha AK. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem. 1972;47(2):389\u201394.","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"1131_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.2174\/138920110791591436","volume":"11","author":"BJ Song","year":"2010","unstructured":"Song BJ, Moon KH, Upreti V, Eddington VD, N. and, Lee J, I. Mechanisms of MDMA (ecstasy)-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and organ damage. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2010;11(5):434\u201343.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1131_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1997.tb01961.x","volume":"80","author":"ID Souza","year":"1997","unstructured":"Souza ID, Kelly JP, Harkin AJ, Leonard BE. An appraisal of the pharmacological and toxicological effects of a single oral administration of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the rat. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1997;80(5):207\u201310.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1971.tb00790.x","volume":"20","author":"J Stocks","year":"1971","unstructured":"Stocks J, Dormandy TL. The autoxidation of human red cell lipids induced by hydrogen peroxide. Br J Haematol. 1971;20(1):95\u2013111.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1131_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.121.3.586","volume":"121","author":"MM Straiko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Straiko MM, Gudelsky GA, Coolen LM. Treatment with a serotonin-depleting regimen of MDMA prevents conditioned place preference to sex in male rats. Behav Neurosci. 2007;121(3):586.","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"1131_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uphouse L, Guptarak J. Serotonin and sexual behavior. In Handbook of behavioral neuroscience. Vol. 21. Elsevier; 2010. pp. 347\u201365.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-7339(10)70089-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"1131_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.046","volume":"162","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Morales M. The brain on drugs: from reward to addiction. Cell. 2015;162(4):712\u201325.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1131_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p1520835","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1520835","volume":"16","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Y, Fu X, Li H. Mechanisms of oxidative stress-induced sperm dysfunction. Front Endocrinol. 2025;16:p1520835.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/sxmrev\/qead046","volume":"12","author":"A Wexler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wexler A, Dubinskaya A, Suyama J, Komisaruk BR, Anger J, Eilber K. Does MDMA have treatment potential in sexual dysfunction? A systematic review of outcomes across the female and male sexual response cycles. Sex Med Reviews. 2024;12(1):26\u201334.","journal-title":"Sex Med Reviews"},{"key":"1131_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p738103","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/738103","volume":"20111","author":"MT Yakubu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yakubu MT, Akanji MA. Effect of aqueous extract of Massularia acuminata stem on sexual behaviour of male Wistar rats. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2011;20111:p738103.","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"1131_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-008-9121-7","volume":"3","author":"BK Yamamoto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yamamoto BK, Raudensky J. The role of oxidative stress, metabolic compromise, and inflammation in neuronal injury produced by amphetamine-related drugs of abuse. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2008;3:203\u201317.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1131_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhm.2013.15992","volume":"51","author":"NG Zaki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zaki NG, Abdel-Kawy L. Chronic exposure to MDMA (ecstasy) induces DNA damage, impairs functional antioxidant cellular defenses, enhances the lipid peroxidation process and alters testes histopathology in male rat. Egypt J Hosp Med. 2013;51(1):422\u201333.","journal-title":"Egypt J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1131_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(01)00551-X","volume":"16","author":"Z Zemishlany","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zemishlany Z, Aizenberg D, Weizman A. Subjective effects of MDMA (\u2018Ecstasy\u2019) on human sexual function. Eur Psychiatry. 2001;16(2):127\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40360-026-01131-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-026-01131-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40360-026-01131-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:50:28Z","timestamp":1781646628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40360-026-01131-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40360-026-01131-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-6511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-6511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of The College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria (Approval number: UNIOSUNHREC 2025\/029B). Animals used were obtained from the Animal House, of The College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"81"}}