{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T15:04:52Z","timestamp":1783955092953,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["390884018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390884018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomark Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    IgG antibodies contain a conserved\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -linked glycosylation site at Asn297 in the Fc region, and variations in Fc glycosylation critically influence antibody effector functions. While inflammatory signals during immunization are known to reduce IgG Fc galactosylation and sialylation, the counter-regulatory pathways that enhance these modifications remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the association of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 with germinal center (GC) responses and IgG Fc glycosylation following protein immunization in mice. Blockade of IL-10 receptor signaling after immunization with a model protein and the adjuvant Alum reduced Fc galactosylation and sialylation of antigen-specific IgG1 and was associated with decreased expression of the sialyltransferase St6gal1 in antigen-specific GC B cells and plasma cells. Although IFN\u03b3 is known to suppress IgG Fc galactosylation and sialylation, Alum immunization paradoxically induced both high levels of Fc galactosylation and sialylation as well as a high frequency of IFN\u03b3-producing CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T follicular cells. Using IL-10 reporter mice, we resolved this apparent discrepancy by identifying a substantial population of IL-10\u207a IFN\u03b3\u207a double-producing T follicular cells following Alum immunization. Ex vivo murine and human B cell culture experiments further showed that IL-10 counteracts IFN\u03b3-mediated downregulation of St6gal1. Together, these findings identify an association between IL-10 signaling and increased St6gal1 expression in GC B cells and PCs, as well as increased IgG Fc galactosylation and sialylation. Furthermore, the data identify a population of IL-10\u207a IFN\u03b3\u207a T follicular cells that may contribute to the IL-10-associated glycosylation changes. Our study supports a link between cytokine environments and IgG Fc glycosylation and provides a framework for future studies investigating how IL-10-associated pathways shape IgG glycosylation in vaccination and inflammatory disease settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-026-00966-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T14:13:23Z","timestamp":1783952003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interleukin-10 enhances IgG galactosylation and sialylation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hanna B.","family":"Lunding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Wasynczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannic C.","family":"Bartsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana Sophia","family":"Buhre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Nouta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexei","family":"Leliavski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selina","family":"Lehrian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Emilia","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Manzhula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"K\u00f6cher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janina","family":"Mehlfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Rahm\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Wuhrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5383-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"966_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oefner CM, Winkler A, Hess C, Lorenz AK, Holecska V, Huxdorf M, Schommartz T, Petzold D, Bitterling J, Schoen A-L, Stoehr AD, Vu Van D, Darcan-Nikolaisen Y, Blanchard V, Schmudde I, Laumonnier Y, Str\u00f6ver HA, Hegazy AN, Eiglmeier S, Schoen CT, Mertes MMM, Loddenkemper C, L\u00f6hning M, K\u00f6nig P, Petersen A, Luger EO, Collin M, K\u00f6hl J, Hutloff A, Hamelmann E, Berger M, Wardemann H, Ehlers M. Tolerance induction with T cell-dependent protein antigens induces regulatory sialylated IgGs. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Jun;129(6):1647-1655. PMID: 22502800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.02.037.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.02.037"},{"key":"966_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pfeifle R, Rothe T, Ipseiz N, Scherer HU, Culemann S, Harre U, et al. Regulation of autoantibody activity by the IL-23-TH17 axis determines the onset of autoimmune disease. Nat Immunol. 2017 Jan;18(1):104-113. PMID: 27820809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.3579.","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3579"},{"key":"966_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bartsch YC, Eschweiler S, Leliavski A, Lunding H, Wagt S, Petry J, et al. IgG Fc sialylation is regulated during the germinal center reaction upon immunization with different adjuvants. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Sep;146(3):652-66. PMID: 32445838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.059.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.059"},{"key":"966_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Werner A, Hani\u0107 M, Zaitseva OO, Lauc G, Lux A, Nitschke L, et al. IgG sialylation occurs in B cells pre antibody secretion. Front Immunol. 2024 May 17;15:1402000. PMID: 38827747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1402000.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1402000"},{"key":"966_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Buhre JS, Pongracz TT, Geisen U, Schubert M, Wang W, Nouta J, et al. Anti-TNF therapy impairs both short- and long-term IgG responses after repeated vaccination. Allergy. 2025 Feb;80(2):423-39. PMID: 39049686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.16241.","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16241"},{"key":"966_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karsten CM, Pandey MK, Figge J, Kilchenstein R, Taylor PR, Rosas M, et al. 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PMID: 29720252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-018-1586-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1586-z"}],"container-title":["Biomarker Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40364-026-00966-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40364-026-00966-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40364-026-00966-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T14:13:24Z","timestamp":1783952004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40364-026-00966-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40364-026-00966-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7771"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7771","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the German animal welfare legislation and were approved by the relevant institutional animal care and use committee. Human blood samples were obtained after written informed consent and approval by the Ethics Committee of the University of L\u00fcbeck, Germany (approval no. 20-123).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"82"}}