{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:28:04Z","timestamp":1788280084047,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":276,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomark Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-026-00973-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:49:29Z","timestamp":1785412169000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathogens in rheumatoid arthritis: epidemiological, mechanistic, and clinical insights"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3047-8509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Futai","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingdi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shulan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongzhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"973_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30173-8","volume":"388","author":"JS Smolen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2016;388:2023\u201338.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"973_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01154-0","volume":"20","author":"VM Holers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holers VM, Demoruelle KM, Buckner JH, James EA, Firestein GS, Robinson WH, Steere AC, Zhang F, Norris JM, Kuhn KA, Deane KD. Distinct mucosal endotypes as initiators and drivers of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2024;20:601\u201313.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-024-01135-y","volume":"26","author":"BJ Seymour","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seymour BJ, Allen BE, Kuhn KA. Microbial Mechanisms of Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2024;26:124\u201332.","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"973_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102035","volume":"39","author":"J Jin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jin J, Cai X, Rao P, Xu J, Li J. Microbiota and immune dynamics in rheumatoid arthritis: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2025;39:102035.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-023-01036-0","volume":"68","author":"S Salehi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salehi S, Mahmoudinezhad Dezfouli SM, Azadeh H, Khosravi S. Immune dysregulation and pathogenic pathways mediated by common infections in rheumatoid arthritis. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2023;68:325\u201335.","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol (Praha)"},{"key":"973_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2007.05.001","volume":"74","author":"E Toussirot","year":"2007","unstructured":"Toussirot E, Roudier J. Pathophysiological links between rheumatoid arthritis and the Epstein-Barr virus: an update. Joint Bone Spine. 2007;74:418\u201326.","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"973_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2004.02.002","volume":"3","author":"N Balandraud","year":"2004","unstructured":"Balandraud N, Roudier J, Roudier C. Epstein-Barr virus and rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2004;3:362\u20137.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"973_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110083","volume":"67","author":"PB Ferrell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ferrell PB, Aitcheson CT, Pearson GR, Tan EM. Seroepidemiological study of relationships between Epstein-Barr virus and rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest. 1981;67:681\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"973_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3684","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22058-6","volume":"8","author":"NH Trier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trier NH, Holm BE, Heiden J, Slot O, Locht H, Lindegaard H, Svendsen A, Nielsen CT, Jacobsen S, Theander E, Houen G. Antibodies to a strain-specific citrullinated Epstein-Barr virus peptide diagnoses rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep. 2018;8:3684.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"973_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010197","volume":"26","author":"A Korzeniowska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Korzeniowska A, Daca A, Szarecka M, Bykowska M, Witkowski J, Bryl E. Differences in Salivary Cytokinome and Pathogen Load Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;26:197.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"973_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200001)43:1<151::AID-ANR19>3.0.CO;2-I","volume":"43","author":"G Niedobitek","year":"2000","unstructured":"Niedobitek G, Lisner R, Swoboda B, Rooney N, Fassbender HG, Kirchner T, Aigner T, Herbst H. Lack of evidence for an involvement of Epstein-Barr virus infection of synovial membranes in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:151\u20134.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"973_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2013.04.002","volume":"29","author":"WC Chiu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chiu WC, Chen CM, Cheng TT, You HL, Yu SF, Weng LH, Huang HY, Huang CC, Chen CJ. EBV-encoded small RNA1 and nonresolving inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2013;29:606\u201310.","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"key":"973_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/9.5.739","volume":"9","author":"M Takei","year":"1997","unstructured":"Takei M, Mitamura K, Fujiwara S, Horie T, Ryu J, Osaka S, Yoshino S, Sawada S. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA 1 and latent membrane protein 1 in synovial lining cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Int Immunol. 1997;9:739\u201343.","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672752","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.672752","volume":"12","author":"S Fadlallah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fadlallah S, Hussein H, Jallad MA, Shehab M, Jurjus AR, Matar GM, Rahal EA. Effect of Epstein-Barr Virus DNA on the Incidence and Severity of Arthritis in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Mouse Model. Front Immunol. 2021;12:672752.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198111193052102","volume":"305","author":"G Tosato","year":"1981","unstructured":"Tosato G, Steinberg AD, Blaese RM. Defective EBV-specific suppressor T-cell function in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:1238\u201343.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"973_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.45.11.932","volume":"45","author":"JS Gaston","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gaston JS, Rickinson AB, Yao QY, Epstein MA. The abnormal cytotoxic T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus in rheumatoid arthritis is correlated with disease activity and occurs in other arthropathies. Ann Rheum Dis. 1986;45:932\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2020.100048","volume":"3","author":"M Bo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bo M, Niegowska M, Eames HL, Almuttaqi H, Arru G, Erre GL, Passiu G, Khoyratty TE, van Grinsven E, Udalova IA, Sechi LA. Antibody response to homologous epitopes of Epstein-Barr virus, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and IRF5 in patients with different connective tissue diseases and in mouse model of antigen-induced arthritis. J Transl Autoimmun. 2020;3:100048.","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"key":"973_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39321","volume":"67","author":"P Duffau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duffau P, Menn-Josephy H, Cuda CM, Dominguez S, Aprahamian TR, Watkins AA, Yasuda K, Monach P, Lafyatis R, Rice LM, et al. Promotion of Inflammatory Arthritis by Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 in a Mouse Model. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:3146\u201357.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e124020","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.124020","volume":"5","author":"D Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li D, Matta B, Song S, Nelson V, Diggins K, Simpfendorfer KR, Gregersen PK, Linsley P, Barnes BJ. IRF5 genetic risk variants drive myeloid-specific IRF5 hyperactivation and presymptomatic SLE. JCI Insight. 2020;5:e124020.","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"973_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.10.008","volume":"88","author":"S Skopelja-Gardner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Skopelja-Gardner S, Jones JD, Rigby WFC. NETtling the host: Breaking of tolerance in chronic inflammation and chronic infection. J Autoimmun. 2018;88:1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"973_CR21","first-page":"1330","volume":"40","author":"N Kitamura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kitamura N, Sugiyama K, Nagasawa Y, Hamaguchi M, Kobayashi H, Takei M. Involvement of Epstein-Barr virus in the development and spontaneous regression of methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2022;40:1330\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-10358-0","volume":"22","author":"S Kimura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kimura S, Oshiro Y, Iwasaki H, Kadowaki M, Ogata M, Daa T, Sakata T, Kawauchi S, Wang Z, Takamatsu Y, Takeshita M. Clinicopathological findings, prognosis, and Epstein-Barr virus infection in rheumatoid arthritis patients with other iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated T- and NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. BMC Cancer. 2022;22:1342.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"973_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2015.07.009","volume":"83","author":"C Mourgues","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mourgues C, Henquell C, Tatar Z, Pereira B, Nourisson C, Tournadre A, Soubrier M, Couderc M. Monitoring of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)\/cytomegalovirus (CMV)\/varicella-zoster virus (VZV) load in patients receiving tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2016;83:412\u20135.","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"973_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takei M, Kitamura N, Nagasawa Y, Tsuzuki H, Iwata M, Nagatsuka Y, Nakamura H, Imai K, Fujiwara S. Are viral infections key inducers of autoimmune diseases? Focus on Epstein-Barr virus. Viruses. 2022;14:1900.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091900"},{"key":"973_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.3390\/v4123701","volume":"4","author":"A Lossius","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lossius A, Johansen JN, Torkildsen O, Vartdal F, Holmoy T. Epstein-Barr virus in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis-association and causation. Viruses. 2012;4:3701\u201330.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"973_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010115","volume":"14","author":"A Banko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Banko A, Miljanovic D, Lazarevic I, Jeremic I, Despotovic A, Grk M, Cirkovic A. New Evidence of Significant Association between EBV Presence and Lymphoproliferative Disorders Susceptibility in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Viruses. 2022;14:115.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"973_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.44.11.742","volume":"44","author":"PJ Venables","year":"1985","unstructured":"Venables PJ, Ross MG, Charles PJ, Melsom RD, Griffiths PD, Maini RN. A seroepidemiological study of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in rheumatoid arthritis and sicca syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 1985;44:742\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03415.x","volume":"92","author":"AS Ferraro","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ferraro AS, Newkirk MM. Correlative studies of rheumatoid factors and anti-viral antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1993;92:425\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2025.105529","volume":"27","author":"C Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng C, Li H, Zhou Y, Zhang C, Yang J, Wang H. No association between anti-cytomegalovirus seropositivity and arthritis: evidence from the cross-sectional epidemiology and genetic association analyses. Microbes Infect. 2025;27:105529.","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"973_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.03.011","volume":"48","author":"FM Kudaeva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kudaeva FM, Speechley MR, Pope JE. A systematic review of viral exposures as a risk for rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019;48:587\u201396.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"973_CR31","first-page":"623","volume":"25","author":"M Mousavi-Jazi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mousavi-Jazi M, Bostrom L, Lovmark C, Linde A, Brytting M, Sundqvist VA. Infrequent detection of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus DNA in synovial membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1998;25:623\u20138.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR32","first-page":"677","volume":"19","author":"H Einsele","year":"1992","unstructured":"Einsele H, Steidle M, Muller CA, Fritz P, Zacher J, Schmidt H, Saal JG. Demonstration of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA and anti-CMV response in the synovial membrane and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:677\u201381.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.033514","volume":"64","author":"R Alvarez-Lafuente","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alvarez-Lafuente R, Fernandez-Gutierrez B, de Miguel S, Jover JA, Rollin R, Loza E, Clemente D, Lamas JR. Potential relationship between herpes viruses and rheumatoid arthritis: analysis with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64:1357\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00129","volume":"7","author":"C Thompson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thompson C, Davies R, Williams A, Jones G, Choy EHS. CD28(-) Cells Are Increased in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis and Are Linked With Cytomegalovirus Status. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:129.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"973_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/gs3o43","volume":"39","author":"B Wahlin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wahlin B, Fasth AER, Karp K, Lejon K, Malmstrom V, Rahbar A, Wallberg-Jonsson S, Sodergren A. Atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: associations between anti-cytomegalovirus IgG antibodies, CD4\u2009+\u2009CD28null T-cells, CD8\u2009+\u2009CD28null T-cells and intima-media thickness. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2021;39:578\u201386.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00195","volume":"8","author":"I Broadley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Broadley I, Pera A, Morrow G, Davies KA, Kern F. Expansions of Cytotoxic CD4(+)CD28(-) T Cells Drive Excess Cardiovascular Mortality in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Chronic Inflammatory Conditions and Are Triggered by CMV Infection. Front Immunol. 2017;8:195.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39331","volume":"68","author":"K Rothe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rothe K, Quandt D, Schubert K, Rossol M, Klingner M, Jasinski-Bergner S, Scholz R, Seliger B, Pierer M, Baerwald C, Wagner U. Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Increased Frequencies of Cytolytic LIR-1\u2009+\u2009CD8+ T Cells. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:337\u201346.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00887","volume":"10","author":"A Khanniche","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khanniche A, Zhou L, Jiang B, Song J, Jin Y, Yin J, Wang S, Ji P, Shen H, Wang Y, Xu H. Restored and Enhanced Memory T Cell Immunity in Rheumatoid Arthritis After TNFalpha Blocker Treatment. Front Immunol. 2019;10:887.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34346","volume":"64","author":"M Pierer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pierer M, Rothe K, Quandt D, Schulz A, Rossol M, Scholz R, Baerwald C, Wagner U. Association of anticytomegalovirus seropositivity with more severe joint destruction and more frequent joint surgery in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:1740\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"973_CR40","first-page":"e34489","volume":"15","author":"P Waitayangkoon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Waitayangkoon P, Chen L, Liu JB, Weins A, Barbosa F, Treadwell T. Lupus Cardiomyopathy and Nephritis Associated With Adalimumab and Cytomegalovirus Infection in a Patient With Seronegative Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case of Rhupus Syndrome. Cureus. 2023;15:e34489.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"973_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4081\/reumatismo.2015.793","volume":"67","author":"MS Dag","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dag MS, Turkbeyler IH, Ozturk ZA, Kisacik B, Tutar E, Kadayifci A. Cytomegalovirus ileocolitis in a rheumatoid arthritis patient: case report and literature review. Reumatismo. 2015;67:13\u20136.","journal-title":"Reumatismo"},{"key":"973_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2022.105489","volume":"90","author":"N Azuma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Azuma N, Yamane T, Ikeda N, Tamura M, Ohno Y, Matsui K. Cytomegalovirus-associated splenic infarction in rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2023;90:105489.","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"973_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000621","volume":"97","author":"M Naciute","year":"2016","unstructured":"Naciute M, Mieliauskaite D, Rugiene R, Nikitenkiene R, Jancoriene L, Mauricas M, Nora-Krukle Z, Murovska M, Girkontaite I. Frequency and significance of parvovirus B19 infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Gen Virol. 2016;97:3302\u201312.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"973_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.53.2.106","volume":"53","author":"S Nikkari","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nikkari S, Luukkainen R, Mottonen T, Meurman O, Hannonen P, Skurnik M, Toivanen P. Does parvovirus B19 have a role in rheumatoid arthritis? Ann Rheum Dis. 1994;53:106\u201311.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.53.2.137","volume":"53","author":"AH Hajeer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hajeer AH, MacGregor AJ, Rigby AS, Ollier WE, Carthy D, Silman AJ. Influence of previous exposure to human parvovirus B19 infection in explaining susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis: an analysis of disease discordant twin pairs. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994;53:137\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2023.13080","volume":"28","author":"CL Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang CL, Chen DY, Tzang CC, Lin JW, Tzang BS, Hsu TC. Celastrol attenuates human parvovirus B19 NS1\u2013induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Mol Med Rep. 2023;28:193.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"973_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8227","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.14.8227","volume":"95","author":"Y Takahashi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Takahashi Y, Murai C, Shibata S, Munakata Y, Ishii T, Ishii K, Saitoh T, Sawai T, Sugamura K, Sasaki T. Human parvovirus B19 as a causative agent for rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:8227\u201332.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"973_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s100670070021","volume":"19","author":"HD Stahl","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stahl HD, Pfeiffer R, Von Salis-Soglio G, Emmrich F. Parovirus B19-associated mono- and oligoarticular arthritis may evolve into a chronic inflammatory arthropathy fulfilling criteria for rheumatoid arthritis or spondylarthropathy. Clin Rheumatol. 2000;19:510\u20131.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.190162","volume":"47","author":"SR Tritsch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tritsch SR, Encinales L, Pacheco N, Cadena A, Cure C, McMahon E, Watson H, Porras Ramirez A, Mendoza AR, Li G, et al. Chronic Joint Pain 3 Years after Chikungunya Virus Infection Largely Characterized by Relapsing-remitting Symptoms. J Rheumatol. 2020;47:1267\u201374.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2108","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-17-00088","volume":"182","author":"A Hassantoufighi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hassantoufighi A, Ward I, Higgs J. Ultrasonographic Evidence of Persistent Synovitis in a Chikungunya-Infected Service Member. Mil Med. 2017;182:e2108\u201311.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"973_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10020054","volume":"10","author":"JK Amaral","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amaral JK, Schoen RT, Weinblatt ME, Candido EL. Chikungunya Fever and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2025;10:54.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"973_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39027","volume":"67","author":"JJ Miner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miner JJ, Aw-Yeang HX, Fox JM, Taffner S, Malkova ON, Oh ST, Kim AHJ, Diamond MS, Lenschow DJ, Yokoyama WM. Chikungunya viral arthritis in the United States: a mimic of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:1214\u201320.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00404","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0433-2023","volume":"57","author":"JK Amaral","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amaral JK, Taylor PC, Schoen RT. Bone erosions and joint damage caused by chikungunya virus: a systematic review. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2024;57:e00404.","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"973_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2009.08.005","volume":"76","author":"E Bouquillard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bouquillard E, Combe B. A report of 21 cases of rheumatoid arthritis following Chikungunya fever. A mean follow-up of two years. Joint Bone Spine. 2009;76:654\u20137.","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"973_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.01.011","volume":"104","author":"SP Manimunda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Manimunda SP, Vijayachari P, Uppoor R, Sugunan AP, Singh SS, Rai SK, Sudeep AB, Muruganandam N, Chaitanya IK, Guruprasad DR. Clinical progression of chikungunya fever during acute and chronic arthritic stages and the changes in joint morphology as revealed by imaging. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010;104:392\u20139.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"973_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0028922","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00289-22","volume":"13","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Poo YS, Alves JC, Almeida RP, Mostafavi H, Tang PCH, Bucala R, Teixeira MM, Taylor A, Zaid A, Mahalingam S. Interleukin-17 Contributes to Chikungunya Virus-Induced Disease. mBio. 2022;13:e0028922.","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"973_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0719","volume":"106","author":"RM Langsjoen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Langsjoen RM, Zhou Y, Holcomb RJ, Routh AL. Chikungunya Virus Infects the Heart and Induces Heart-Specific Transcriptional Changes in an Immunodeficient Mouse Model of Infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;106:99\u2013104.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"973_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2017.02.006","volume":"78","author":"S Thanapati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thanapati S, Ganu M, Giri P, Kulkarni S, Sharma M, Babar P, Ganu A, Tripathy AS. Impaired NK cell functionality and increased TNF-alpha production as biomarkers of chronic chikungunya arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Hum Immunol. 2017;78:370\u20134.","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.09.010","volume":"68","author":"C Hogeboom","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hogeboom C. Peptide motif analysis predicts alphaviruses as triggers for rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Immunol. 2015;68:465\u201375.","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.08.011","volume":"177","author":"W Phuklia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Phuklia W, Kasisith J, Modhiran N, Rodpai E, Thannagith M, Thongsakulprasert T, Smith DR, Ubol S. Osteoclastogenesis induced by CHIKV-infected fibroblast-like synoviocytes: a possible interplay between synoviocytes and monocytes\/macrophages in CHIKV-induced arthralgia\/arthritis. Virus Res. 2013;177:179\u201388.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"973_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34631","volume":"64","author":"HI Nakaya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nakaya HI, Gardner J, Poo YS, Major L, Pulendran B, Suhrbier A. Gene profiling of Chikungunya virus arthritis in a mouse model reveals significant overlap with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:3553\u201363.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"973_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05198-x","volume":"39","author":"M Bautista-Vargas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bautista-Vargas M, Puerta-Sarmiento G, Canas CA. Characteristics of Chikungunya virus infection in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39:3639\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006634","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006634","volume":"12","author":"Y Bedoui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bedoui Y, Giry C, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Selambarom J, Guiraud P, Gasque P. Immunomodulatory drug methotrexate used to treat patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatisms post-chikungunya does not impair the synovial antiviral and bone repair responses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12:e0006634.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"973_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23519","volume":"70","author":"JK Amaral","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amaral JK, Sutaria R, Schoen RT. Treatment of Chronic Chikungunya Arthritis With Methotrexate: A Systematic Review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018;70:1501\u20138.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"973_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-022-00273-0","volume":"62","author":"A Ranzolin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ranzolin A, Marques CDL, da Rocha Junior LF, Duarte A, de Lima HD, de Almeida Martins LM, de Almeida AR, de Oliveira PSS, de Melo Rego MJB, da Pitta R. Treatment with biological therapy is associated with faster recovery and lower frequency of treatment switch among rheumatic patients with Chikungunya fever. Adv Rheumatol. 2022;62:44.","journal-title":"Adv Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40856","volume":"71","author":"S Wolf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolf S, Taylor A, Zaid A, Freitas J, Herrero LJ, Rao S, Suhrbier A, Forwood MR, Bucala R, Mahalingam S. Inhibition of Interleukin-1beta Signaling by Anakinra Demonstrates a Critical Role of Bone Loss in Experimental Arthritogenic Alphavirus Infections. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71:1185\u201390.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3109\/08830189809054407","volume":"17","author":"T Hasunuma","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hasunuma T, Sumida T, Nishioka K. Human T cell leukemia virus type-I and rheumatoid arthritis. Int Rev Immunol. 1998;17:291\u2013307.","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26297","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026297","volume":"100","author":"A Hida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hida A, Imaizumi M, French B, Ohishi W, Haruta D, Eguchi K, Nakamura H, Kawakami A. Association of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 with prevalent rheumatoid arthritis among atomic bomb survivors: A cross-sectional study. Med (Baltim). 2021;100:e26297.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"973_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30402-5","volume":"20","author":"G Schierhout","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schierhout G, McGregor S, Gessain A, Einsiedel L, Martinello M, Kaldor J. Association between HTLV-1 infection and adverse health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:133\u201343.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"973_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roab077","volume":"32","author":"Y Hashiba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hashiba Y, Umekita K, Kimura M, Iwao C, Iwao K, Kariya Y, Kubo K, Miyauchi S, Kudou R, Rikitake Y, et al. High incidence of serious infections requiring hospitalisation in human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1-positive rheumatoid arthritis: A case-controlled observational study. Mod Rheumatol. 2022;32:866\u201374.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR71","first-page":"2049","volume":"22","author":"N Mori","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mori N, Shirakawa F, Abe M, Kamo Y, Koyama Y, Murakami S, Shimizu H, Yamamoto K, Oda S, Eto S. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax transactivates the interleukin-6 gene in human rheumatoid synovial cells. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:2049\u201354.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116548","volume":"92","author":"T Nakajima","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nakajima T, Aono H, Hasunuma T, Yamamoto K, Maruyama I, Nosaka T, Hatanaka M, Nishioka K. Overgrowth of human synovial cells driven by the human T cell leukemia virus type I tax gene. J Clin Invest. 1993;92:186\u201393.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"973_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.5.2956","volume":"162","author":"K Habu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Habu K, Nakayama-Yamada J, Asano M, Saijo S, Itagaki K, Horai R, Yamamoto H, Sekiguchi T, Nosaka T, Hatanaka M, Iwakura Y. The human T cell leukemia virus type I-tax gene is responsible for the development of both inflammatory polyarthropathy resembling rheumatoid arthritis and noninflammatory ankylotic arthropathy in transgenic mice. J Immunol. 1999;162:2956\u201363.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40461","volume":"70","author":"T Suzuki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suzuki T, Fukui S, Umekita K, Miyamoto J, Umeda M, Nishino A, Okada A, Koga T, Kawashiri SY, Iwamoto N, et al. Brief Report: Attenuated Effectiveness of Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors for Anti-Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type I Antibody-Positive Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70:1014\u201321.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.4455-20","volume":"59","author":"C Iwao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iwao C, Umekita K, Miyauchi S, Kimura M, Rikitake Y, Iwao K, Rikitake M, Aizawa A, Kawaguchi T, Kariya Y, et al. Effective Treatment with Tocilizumab in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient Complicated with Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-associated Myelopathy. Intern Med. 2020;59:1891\u20137.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"973_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2019.1602931","volume":"30","author":"K Eguchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eguchi K, Iwanaga M, Terada K, Aramaki T, Tuji Y, Kurushima S, Kojima K, Arima K, Iwamoto N, Ichinose K, et al. Clinical features and human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) proviral load in HTLV-1-positive patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Baseline data in a single center cohort study. Mod Rheumatol. 2020;30:471\u201380.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020468","volume":"15","author":"K Umekita","year":"2023","unstructured":"Umekita K, Hashikura Y, Takaki A, Kimura M, Kawano K, Iwao C, Miyauchi S, Kawaguchi T, Matsuda M, Hashiba Y, Hidaka T. HAS-Flow May Be an Adequate Method for Evaluating Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Infected Cells in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Positive Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Receiving Antirheumatic Therapies: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Observation Study. Viruses. 2023;15:468.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"973_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887783","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.887783","volume":"13","author":"N Iwamoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iwamoto N, Araki T, Umetsu A, Takatani A, Aramaki T, Ichinose K, Terada K, Hirakata N, Ueki Y, Kawakami A, Eguchi K. The Association of Increase of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) Proviral Load (PVL) With Infection in HTLV-1-Positive Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Longitudinal Analysis of Changes in HTLV-1 PVLs in a Single Center Cohort Study. Front Immunol. 2022;13:887783.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201202500134","volume":"25","author":"A Riccio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riccio A, Tarantino G. Hepatitis C virus-related arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: could they be different aspects of the same disease? Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012;25:293\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"973_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-025-00513-y","volume":"9","author":"L Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang L, Zhang L, Ding Z, Xu W, Liu Y, Yu Z. Association between hepatitis C virus infection and rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide cross-sectional study. BMC Rheumatol. 2025;9:61.","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.20.07158-X","volume":"112","author":"E Treppo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Treppo E, Quartuccio L, Ragab G, S DEV. Rheumatologic manifestations of Hepatitis C Virus. Minerva Med. 2021;112:201\u201314.","journal-title":"Minerva Med"},{"key":"973_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8916","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i47.8916","volume":"19","author":"V Calvaruso","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calvaruso V, Craxi A. Immunological alterations in hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:8916\u201323.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"973_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.029","volume":"71","author":"C Comarmond","year":"2019","unstructured":"Comarmond C, Lorin V, Marques C, Maciejewski-Duval A, Joher N, Planchais C, Touzot M, Biard L, Hieu T, Quiniou V, et al. TLR9 signalling in HCV-associated atypical memory B cells triggers Th1 and rheumatoid factor autoantibody responses. J Hepatol. 2019;71:908\u201319.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"973_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40495","volume":"70","author":"TL Liao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liao TL, Hsieh SL, Chen YM, Chen HH, Liu HJ, Lee HC, Chen DY. Rituximab May Cause Increased Hepatitis C Virus Viremia in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Through Declining Exosomal MicroRNA-155. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70:1209\u201319.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e239","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002015","volume":"33","author":"SA Lashen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lashen SA, Metawea MI, Shaaban A. Direct antiviral drugs in the treatment of hepatitis C-infected rheumatoid arthritis Egyptian cohort: safety and clinical impact. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;33:e239\u201346.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"973_CR86","first-page":"17272","volume":"136","author":"K Brzdek","year":"2026","unstructured":"Brzdek K, Zarebska-Michaluk D, Lorenc B, Berak H, Brzdek M, Janocha-Litwin J, Klapaczynski J, Stazyk K, Mazur W, Tudrujek-Zdunek M, et al. Does rheumatoid arthritis affect the course of chronic hepatitis C and outcomes of antiviral treatment? Pol Arch Intern Med. 2026;136:17272.","journal-title":"Pol Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"973_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e021747","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021747","volume":"8","author":"CH Tung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tung CH, Lai NS, Li CY, Tsai SJ, Chen YC, Chen YC. Risk of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection receiving interferon-based therapy: a retrospective cohort study using the Taiwanese national claims database. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e021747.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"973_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103409","volume":"22","author":"JS Marin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marin JS, Mazenett-Granados EA, Salazar-Uribe JC, Sarmiento M, Suarez JF, Rojas M, Munera M, Perez R, Morales C, Dominguez JI, Anaya JM. Increased incidence of rheumatoid arthritis after COVID-19. Autoimmun Rev. 2023;22:103409.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"973_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123291","volume":"10","author":"S Dewanjee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dewanjee S, Kandimalla R, Kalra RS, Valupadas C, Vallamkondu J, Kolli V, Dey Ray S, Reddy AP, Reddy PH. COVID-19 and Rheumatoid Arthritis Crosstalk: Emerging Association, Therapeutic Options and Challenges. Cells. 2021;10:3291.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"973_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0451-z","volume":"16","author":"G Schett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schett G, Manger B, Simon D, Caporali R. COVID-19 revisiting inflammatory pathways of arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16:465\u201370.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28570","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28570","volume":"95","author":"M Yao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yao M, Huang X, Guo Y, Zhao JV, Liu Z. Disentangling the common genetic architecture and causality of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus with COVID-19 outcomes: Genome-wide cross trait analysis and bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. J Med Virol. 2023;95:e28570.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"973_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103132","volume":"142","author":"MF Amjadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amjadi MF, Parker MH, Adyniec RR, Zheng Z, Robbins AM, Bashar SJ, Denny MF, McCoy SS, Ong IM, Shelef MA. Novel and unique rheumatoid factors cross-react with viral epitopes in COVID-19. J Autoimmun. 2024;142:103132.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"973_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead354","volume":"63","author":"VK Bournia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bournia VK, Fragoulis GE, Mitrou P, Mathioudakis K, Konstantonis G, Tektonidou MG, Tsolakidis A, Paraskevis D, Sfikakis PP. Outcomes of COVID-19 Omicron variant in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide Greek cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2024;63:1130\u20138.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"973_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.25028","volume":"75","author":"H Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li H, Wallace ZS, Sparks JA, Lu N, Wei J, Xie D, Wang Y, Zeng C, Lei G, Zhang Y. Risk of COVID-19 Among Unvaccinated and Vaccinated Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A General Population Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2023;75:956\u201366.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"973_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02533-x","volume":"40","author":"Y Ye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ye Y, Yue X, Krueger WS, Wegrzyn LR, Maniccia AW, Winthrop KL, Kim SC. Factors Associated with Severe COVID-19 Among Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Large, Nationwide Electronic Health Record Cohort Study in the United States. Adv Ther. 2023;40:3723\u201338.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"973_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000786","volume":"33","author":"KM D\u2019Silva","year":"2021","unstructured":"D\u2019Silva KM, Wallace ZS. COVID-19 and rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2021;33:255\u201361.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11149","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011149","volume":"25","author":"AI Vladulescu-Trandafir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vladulescu-Trandafir AI, Bojinca VC, Munteanu C, Anghelescu A, Popescu C, Stoica SI, Aurelian S, Balanescu A, Baetu C, Ciobanu V, Onose G. Rheumatoid Arthritis and COVID-19 at the Intersection of Immunology and Infectious Diseases: A Related PRISMA Systematic Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:11149.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"973_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956417","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.956417","volume":"12","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Guo R, Oduro PK, Sun T, Chen H, Yi Y, Zeng W, Wang Q, Leng L, Yang L, Zhang J. The Relationship Between Porphyromonas Gingivalis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Meta-Analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:956417.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"973_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-016-1938-5","volume":"21","author":"P Bender","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bender P, Burgin WB, Sculean A, Eick S. Serum antibody levels against Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21:33\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"973_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R66","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4243","volume":"15","author":"MC Totaro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Totaro MC, Cattani P, Ria F, Tolusso B, Gremese E, Fedele AL, D\u2019Onghia S, Marchetti S, Di Sante G, Canestri S, Ferraccioli G. Porphyromonas gingivalis and the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: analysis of various compartments including the synovial tissue. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15:R66.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"973_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0154182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154182","volume":"11","author":"T Kobayashi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kobayashi T, Ito S, Kobayashi D, Shimada A, Narita I, Murasawa A, Nakazono K, Yoshie H. Serum Immunoglobulin G Levels to Porphyromonas gingivalis Peptidylarginine Deiminase Affect Clinical Response to Biological Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug in Rheumatoid Arthritis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0154182.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"973_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207656","volume":"75","author":"AB Montgomery","year":"2016","unstructured":"Montgomery AB, Kopec J, Shrestha L, Thezenas ML, Burgess-Brown NA, Fischer R, Yue WW, Venables PJ. Crystal structure of Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase: implications for autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:1255\u201361.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27552","volume":"62","author":"N Wegner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wegner N, Wait R, Sroka A, Eick S, Nguyen KA, Lundberg K, Kinloch A, Culshaw S, Potempa J, Venables PJ. Peptidylarginine deiminase from Porphyromonas gingivalis citrullinates human fibrinogen and alpha-enolase: implications for autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:2662\u201372.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"973_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R186","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4376","volume":"15","author":"JT Marchesan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marchesan JT, Gerow EA, Schaff R, Taut AD, Shin SY, Sugai J, Brand D, Burberry A, Jorns J, Lundy SK, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis oral infection exacerbates the development and severity of collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15:R186.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"973_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39514","volume":"68","author":"KC Santegoets","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santegoets KC, Wenink MH, Braga FA, Cossu M, Lamers-Karnebeek FB, van Riel PL, Sturm PD, van den Berg WB, Radstake TR. Impaired Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor Production by Dendritic Cells Typifies Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:795\u2013804.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109936","volume":"118","author":"P Ahmadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmadi P, Mahmoudi M, Kheder RK, Faraj TA, Mollazadeh S, Abdulabbas HS, Esmaeili SA. Impacts of Porphyromonas gingivalis periodontitis on rheumatoid arthritis autoimmunity. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;118:109936.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"973_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13921","volume":"51","author":"SR Oliveira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oliveira SR, de Arruda JAA, Schneider AH, Bemquerer LM, de Souza RMS, Barbim P, de Mattos-Pereira GH, Calderaro DC, Machado CC, Alves SF, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps in rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis: Contribution of PADI4 gene polymorphisms. J Clin Periodontol. 2024;51:452\u201363.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"973_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02348-z","volume":"22","author":"Y Hamamoto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamamoto Y, Ouhara K, Munenaga S, Shoji M, Ozawa T, Hisatsune J, Kado I, Kajiya M, Matsuda S, Kawai T, et al. Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection on gut dysbiosis and resultant arthritis exacerbation in mouse model. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020;22:249.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"973_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213697","volume":"78","author":"G Courbon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Courbon G, Rinaudo-Gaujous M, Blasco-Baque V, Auger I, Caire R, Mijola L, Vico L, Paul S, Marotte H. Porphyromonas gingivalis experimentally induces periodontis and an anti-CCP2-associated arthritis in the rat. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:594\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109859","volume":"258","author":"C Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang C, Hu Z, Wang L, Fang L, Wang X, Li Q, Xu L, Wang J, Liu C, Lin N. Porphyromonas gingivalis with collagen immunization induces ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis in C3H mice. Clin Immunol. 2024;258:109859.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0188698","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188698","volume":"12","author":"H Jung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jung H, Jung SM, Rim YA, Park N, Nam Y, Lee J, Park SH, Ju JH. Arthritic role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in collagen-induced arthritis mice. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0188698.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"973_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.54548\/njps.v37i2.1","volume":"37","author":"PV Owoyele","year":"2022","unstructured":"Owoyele PV, Malekzadeh S. Porphyromonas gingivalis, neuroinflammation and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Niger J Physiol Sci. 2022;37:157\u201364.","journal-title":"Niger J Physiol Sci"},{"key":"973_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987683","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.987683","volume":"12","author":"YC Chow","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chow YC, Yam HC, Gunasekaran B, Lai WY, Wo WY, Agarwal T, Ong YY, Cheong SL, Tan SA. Implications of Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidyl arginine deiminase and gingipain R in human health and diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:987683.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"973_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14010050","volume":"14","author":"SC Looh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Looh SC, Soo ZMP, Wong JJ, Yam HC, Chow SK, Hwang JS. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans as the Aetiological Cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis: What Are the Unsolved Puzzles? Toxins (Basel). 2022;14:50.","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"973_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369ra176","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaj1921","volume":"8","author":"MF Konig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Konig MF, Abusleme L, Reinholdt J, Palmer RJ, Teles RP, Sampson K, Rosen A, Nigrovic PA, Sokolove J, Giles JT, et al. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced hypercitrullination links periodontal infection to autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Transl Med. 2016;8:369ra176.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"973_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2023.06.011","volume":"74","author":"Y Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang Y, Ni S. Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans With Periodontitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int Dent J. 2024;74:58\u201365.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"973_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Banuelos E, Johansson L, Konig MF, Lundquist A, Paz M, Buhlin K, Johansson A, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, Andrade F. Exposure to aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans before symptom onset and the risk of evolving to rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Med. 2020;9:1906.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061906"},{"key":"973_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13050368","volume":"13","author":"A Svard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Svard A, LoMartire R, Martinsson K, Ohman C, Kastbom A, Johansson A. Presence and Immunoreactivity of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Pathogens. 2024;13:368.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"973_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2022.01.014","volume":"32","author":"K Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu K, Proost P. Insights into peptidylarginine deiminase expression and citrullination pathways. Trends Cell Biol. 2022;32:746\u201361.","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"973_CR120","first-page":"e32201","volume":"14","author":"A Kulkarni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kulkarni A, Beckler MD, Amini SS, Kesselman MM. Oral Microbiome in Pre-Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Role of Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans in Bacterial Composition. Cureus. 2022;14:e32201.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"973_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15415","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.15415","volume":"27","author":"M Shahbaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shahbaz M, Al-Maleki AR, Cheah CW, Aziz J, Bartold PM, Vaithilingam RD. Connecting the dots: NETosis and the periodontitis-rheumatoid arthritis nexus. Int J Rheum Dis. 2024;27:e15415.","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-024-00315-x","volume":"16","author":"T Okano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Okano T, Ashida H, Komatsu N, Tsukasaki M, Iida T, Iwasawa M, Takahashi Y, Takeuchi Y, Iwata T, Sasai M, et al. Caspase-11 mediated inflammasome activation in macrophages by systemic infection of A. actinomycetemcomitans exacerbates arthritis. Int J Oral Sci. 2024;16:54.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"973_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2016.150477","volume":"87","author":"S Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim S, Park MH, Song YR, Na HS, Chung J. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-Induced AIM2 Inflammasome Activation Is Suppressed by Xylitol in Differentiated THP-1 Macrophages. J Periodontol. 2016;87:e116\u2013126.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"973_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2018.1527907","volume":"51","author":"L Vitkov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vitkov L, Hannig M, Minnich B, Herrmann M. Periodontal sources of citrullinated antigens and TLR agonists related to RA. Autoimmunity. 2018;51:304\u20139.","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"973_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-020-00566-0","volume":"109","author":"MF Moura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moura MF, Cota LOM, Silva TA, Cortelli SC, Ferreira GA, Lopez MM, Cortelli JR, Costa FO. Clinical and microbiological effects of non-surgical periodontal treatment in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled clinical trial. Odontology. 2021;109:484\u201393.","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"973_CR126","first-page":"61","volume":"10","author":"MA Martu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martu MA, Luchian I, Mares M, Solomon S, Ciurcanu O, Danila V, Rezus E, Foia L. The Effectiveness of Laser Applications and Photodynamic Therapy on Relevant Periodontal Pathogens (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) Associated with Immunomodulating Anti-rheumatic Drugs. Bioeng (Basel). 2023;10:61.","journal-title":"Bioeng (Basel)"},{"key":"973_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02352","volume":"9","author":"A Mukherjee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mukherjee A, Jantsch V, Khan R, Hartung W, Fischer R, Jantsch J, Ehrenstein B, Konig MF, Andrade F. Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Autoimmunity Due to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Its Resolution With Antibiotic Therapy. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2352.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00431-8","volume":"9","author":"P Malfertheiner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malfertheiner P, Camargo MC, El-Omar E, Liou JM, Peek R, Schulz C, Smith SI, Suerbaum S. Helicobacter pylori infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023;9:19.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"973_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-225306","volume":"83","author":"H Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu H, Yuan H, Zhang J, He T, Deng Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Chen W, Wu C. Helicobacter pylori upregulates PAD4 expression via stabilising HIF-1alpha to exacerbate rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83:1666\u201376.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.55133\/eji.280421","volume":"28","author":"AE Hamed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hamed AE, Moshrif A, Ryan M, Abdelmaguid MM, Azeem HA, Abdelkreem MI. The effect of Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and activity on disease outcome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and ankylosing spondylitis. Egypt J Immunol. 2021;28:206\u201314.","journal-title":"Egypt J Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42207-w","volume":"13","author":"TH Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee TH, Wu MC, Lee MH, Liao PL, Lin CC, Wei JC. Influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide population-based study. Sci Rep. 2023;13:15125.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"973_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001952","volume":"29","author":"EG Aydemir Guloksuz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aydemir Guloksuz EG, Sezer S, Yayla ME, Sahin Eroglu D, Uslu Yurteri E, Kelesoglu Dincer AB, Torgutalp M, Yuksel ML, Okatan IE, Gumussoy M, et al. Frequency of Helicobacter pylori in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Whose Methotrexate Was Stopped Due to Gastrointestinal Intolerance. J Clin Rheumatol. 2023;29:177\u201382.","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.1.72","volume":"41","author":"N Ishikawa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ishikawa N, Fuchigami T, Matsumoto T, Kobayashi H, Sakai Y, Tabata H, Takubo N, Yamamoto S, Nakanishi M, Tomioka K, Fujishima M. Helicobacter pylori infection in rheumatoid arthritis: effect of drugs on prevalence and correlation with gastroduodenal lesions. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;41:72\u20137.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"973_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2018.1464205","volume":"48","author":"LE Bartels","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bartels LE, Pedersen AB, Kristensen NR, Jepsen P, Vilstrup H, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Dahlerup JF. Helicobacter pylori infection is not associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2019;48:24\u201331.","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107239","volume":"199","author":"H Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao H, Wang Y, Ren J. Helicobacter pylori and rheumatoid arthritis: Investigation of relation from traditional Chinese medicine. Microb Pathog. 2025;199:107239.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"973_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.08.011","volume":"54","author":"M Youssefi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Youssefi M, Tafaghodi M, Farsiani H, Ghazvini K, Keikha M. Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune diseases; Is there an association with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune atrophy gastritis and autoimmune pancreatitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis study. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2021;54:359\u201369.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"973_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.2002.00092.x","volume":"7","author":"L Kalabay","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kalabay L, Fekete B, Czirjak L, Horvath L, Daha MR, Veres A, Fonyad G, Horvath A, Viczian A, Singh M, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in connective tissue disorders is associated with high levels of antibodies to mycobacterial hsp65 but not to human hsp60. Helicobacter. 2002;7:250\u20136.","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"973_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.248-256.2006","volume":"74","author":"S Yamanishi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yamanishi S, Iizumi T, Watanabe E, Shimizu M, Kamiya S, Nagata K, Kumagai Y, Fukunaga Y, Takahashi H. Implications for induction of autoimmunity via activation of B-1 cells by Helicobacter pylori urease. Infect Immun. 2006;74:248\u201356.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"973_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13500","volume":"32","author":"S Terao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Terao S, Suzuki S, Yaita H, Kurahara K, Shunto J, Furuta T, Maruyama Y, Ito M, Kamada T, Aoki R, et al. Multicenter study of autoimmune gastritis in Japan: Clinical and endoscopic characteristics. Dig Endosc. 2020;32:364\u201372.","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"key":"973_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01284.x","volume":"16","author":"P Zentilin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zentilin P, Seriolo B, Dulbecco P, Caratto E, Iiritano E, Fasciolo D, Bilardi C, Mansi C, Testa E, Savarino V. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori may reduce disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1291\u20139.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"973_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13025","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.13025","volume":"28","author":"MP Dore","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dore MP, Erre GL, Piroddu J, Pes GM. Helicobacter pylori infection and rheumatoid arthritis as risk enhancers\u2019 factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Helicobacter. 2023;28:e13025.","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"973_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01202","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01202","volume":"2","author":"JU Scher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scher JU, Sczesnak A, Longman RS, Segata N, Ubeda C, Bielski C, Rostron T, Cerundolo V, Pamer EG, Abramson SB, et al. Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis. Elife. 2013;2:e01202.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"973_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214514","volume":"78","author":"D Alpizar-Rodriguez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alpizar-Rodriguez D, Lesker TR, Gronow A, Gilbert B, Raemy E, Lamacchia C, Gabay C, Finckh A, Strowig T. Prevotella copri in individuals at risk for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:590\u20133.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-022-00934-6","volume":"19","author":"L Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang L, Shang M, Yu S, Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Wang M, Wang T, Li H, Liu Z, Zhang X. A high-fiber diet synergizes with Prevotella copri and exacerbates rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Mol Immunol. 2022;19:1414\u201324.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39783","volume":"68","author":"Y Maeda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maeda Y, Kurakawa T, Umemoto E, Motooka D, Ito Y, Gotoh K, Hirota K, Matsushita M, Furuta Y, Narazaki M, et al. Dysbiosis Contributes to Arthritis Development via Activation of Autoreactive T Cells in the Intestine. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:2646\u201361.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42370","volume":"75","author":"JA Seifert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seifert JA, Bemis EA, Ramsden K, Lowell C, Polinski K, Feser M, Fleischer C, Demoruelle MK, Buckner J, Gregersen PK, et al. Association of Antibodies to Prevotella copri in Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide-Positive Individuals At Risk of Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis and in Patients With Early or Established Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023;75:507\u201316.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41807","volume":"73","author":"A Pianta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pianta A, Chiumento G, Ramsden K, Wang Q, Strle K, Arvikar S, Costello CE, Steere AC. Identification of Novel, Immunogenic HLA-DR-Presented Prevotella copri Peptides in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73:2200\u20135.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40003","volume":"69","author":"A Pianta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pianta A, Arvikar S, Strle K, Drouin EE, Wang Q, Costello CE, Steere AC. Evidence of the Immune Relevance of Prevotella copri, a Gut Microbe, in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69:964\u201375.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222881","volume":"82","author":"T Nii","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nii T, Maeda Y, Motooka D, Naito M, Matsumoto Y, Ogawa T, Oguro-Igashira E, Kishikawa T, Yamashita M, Koizumi S, et al. Genomic repertoires linked with pathogenic potency of arthritogenic Prevotella copri isolated from the gut of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82:621\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11673","volume":"6","author":"K Andreasson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andreasson K, Olofsson T, Lagishetty V, Alrawi Z, Klaassens E, Holster S, Hesselstrand R, Jacobs JP, Wallman JK, Volkmann ER. Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated With Alterations in the Gastrointestinal Microbiota. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2024;6:421\u20137.","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae132","volume":"63","author":"SS Dieperink","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dieperink SS, Norgaard M, Mehnert F, Oestergaard LB, Benfield T, Torp-Pedersen C, Petersen A, Glintborg B, Hetland ML. Rheumatoid arthritis and risk of osteoarticular infection and death following Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a nationwide cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2024;63:2989\u201396.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"973_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2022.09.014","volume":"28","author":"S Asai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asai S, Takahashi N, Kishimoto K, Suzuki M, Ohashi Y, Terabe K, Kojima T, Imagama S. Increased prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in rheumatoid arthritis patients with moderate\/high disease activity. J Orthop Sci. 2023;28:1400\u20136.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"973_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2019.01.025","volume":"34","author":"SM Goodman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goodman SM, Nocon AA, Selemon NA, Shopsin B, Fulmer Y, Decker ME, Grond SE, Donlin LT, Figgie MP, Sculco TP, et al. Increased Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage Rates in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients on Biologic Therapy. J Arthroplasty. 2019;34:954\u20138.","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"973_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.03.003","volume":"74","author":"I Joost","year":"2017","unstructured":"Joost I, Kaasch A, Pausch C, Peyerl-Hoffmann G, Schneider C, Voll RE, Seifert H, Kern WV, Rieg S. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis - Data from the prospective INSTINCT cohort. J Infect. 2017;74:575\u201384.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"973_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10891","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67928-0","volume":"10","author":"A Jarneborn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jarneborn A, Mohammad M, Engdahl C, Hu Z, Na M, Ali A, Jin T. Tofacitinib treatment aggravates Staphylococcus aureus septic arthritis, but attenuates sepsis and enterotoxin induced shock in mice. Sci Rep. 2020;10:10891.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"973_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv163","volume":"70","author":"L Aguinagalde","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aguinagalde L, Diez-Martinez R, Yuste J, Royo I, Gil C, Lasa I, Martin-Fontecha M, Marin-Ramos NI, Ardanuy C, Linares J, et al. Auranofin efficacy against MDR Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:2608\u201317.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"973_CR157","first-page":"865","volume":"35","author":"T Rashid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rashid T, Ebringer A, Wilson C. The link between Proteus mirabilis, environmental factors and autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35:865\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR158","first-page":"1825","volume":"22","author":"H Subair","year":"1995","unstructured":"Subair H, Tiwana H, Fielder M, Binder A, Cunningham K, Ebringer A, Wilson C, Hudson MJ. Elevation in anti-Proteus antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis from Bermuda and England. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:1825\u20138.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.10.006","volume":"9","author":"A Ebringer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C. Rheumatoid arthritis, Proteus, anti-CCP antibodies and Karl Popper. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9:216\u201323.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"973_CR160","first-page":"259","volume":"25","author":"T Rashid","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rashid T, Jayakumar KS, Binder A, Ellis S, Cunningham P, Ebringer A. Rheumatoid arthritis patients have elevated antibodies to cross-reactive and non cross-reactive antigens from Proteus microbes. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007;25:259\u201367.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s100670050083","volume":"18","author":"T Rashid","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rashid T, Darlington G, Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Forre O, Collado A, Ebringer A. Proteus IgG antibodies and C-reactive protein in English, Norwegian and Spanish patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 1999;18:190\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR162","first-page":"41","volume":"13","author":"A Ebringer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ebringer A, Rashid T. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease triggered by Proteus urinary tract infection. Clin Dev Immunol. 2006;13:41\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(99)90076-2","volume":"38","author":"BW Senior","year":"1999","unstructured":"Senior BW, Anderson GA, Morley KD, Kerr MA. Evidence that patients with rheumatoid arthritis have asymptomatic \u2018non-significant\u2019 Proteus mirabilis bacteriuria more frequently than healthy controls. J Infect. 1999;38:99\u2013106.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"973_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.54.3.216","volume":"54","author":"C Wilson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wilson C, Ebringer A, Ahmadi K, Wrigglesworth J, Tiwana H, Fielder M, Binder A, Ettelaie C, Cunningham P, Joannou C, et al. Shared amino acid sequences between major histocompatibility complex class II glycoproteins, type XI collagen and Proteus mirabilis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1995;54:216\u201320.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR165","first-page":"972","volume":"30","author":"C Wilson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wilson C, Rashid T, Tiwana H, Beyan H, Hughes L, Bansal S, Ebringer A, Binder A. Cytotoxicity responses to peptide antigens in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:972\u20138.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9635","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249635","volume":"21","author":"K Durlik-Popinska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Durlik-Popinska K, Zarnowiec P, Lechowicz L, Gaweda J, Kaca W. Antibodies Isolated from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients against Lysine-Containing Proteus mirabilis O3 (S1959) Lipopolysaccharide May React with Collagen Type I. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:9635.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"973_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833040","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.833040","volume":"13","author":"T Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang T, Mo L, Ou J, Fang Q, Wu H, Wu Y, Nandakumar KS. Proteus mirabilis Vesicles Induce Mitochondrial Apoptosis by Regulating miR96-5p\/Abca1 to Inhibit Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Loss. Front Immunol. 2022;13:833040.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1995.tb01440.x","volume":"103","author":"J Kjeldsen-Kragh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Kvaavik E, Bottolfs M, Lingaas E. Inhibition of growth of Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli in urine in response to fasting and vegetarian diet. APMIS. 1995;103:818\u201322.","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"973_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.54.3.221","volume":"54","author":"J Kjeldsen-Kragh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Rashid T, Dybwad A, Sioud M, Haugen M, Forre O, Ebringer A. Decrease in anti-Proteus mirabilis but not anti-Escherichia coli antibody levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with fasting and a one year vegetarian diet. Ann Rheum Dis. 1995;54:221\u20134.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740310000337","volume":"32","author":"A Ebringer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ebringer A, Rashid T, Wilson C. Rheumatoid arthritis: proposal for the use of anti-microbial therapy in early cases. Scand J Rheumatol. 2003;32:2\u201311.","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107086","volume":"197","author":"PS Priya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Priya PS, Murugan R, Srileka R, Ramya Ranjan Nayak SP, Margesan T, Rajagopal R, Pasupuleti M, Kumarodoss KM, Arockiaraj J. Synergistic defense: Quercetin and chondroitin sulfate combat bacterial trigger of rheumatoid arthritis, Proteus mirabilis through in-vitro and in-vivo mechanisms. Microb Pathog. 2024;197:107086.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"973_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-026-02141-5","volume":"34","author":"IE Cock","year":"2026","unstructured":"Cock IE, Whitehouse MW. Re-evaluating the antibacterial properties of DMARD and pro-drug sulphasalazine against autoimmune bacterial triggers after eighty years. Inflammopharmacology. 2026;34:1811\u201321.","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"973_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-013-0179-3","volume":"22","author":"IE Cock","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cock IE, van Vuuren SF. Anti-Proteus activity of some South African medicinal plants: their potential for the prevention of rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammopharmacology. 2014;22:23\u201336.","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"973_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S190","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.157734","volume":"11","author":"IE Cock","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cock IE, Winnett V, Sirdaarta J, Matthews B. The potential of selected Australian medicinal plants with anti-Proteus activity for the treatment and prevention of rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacogn Mag. 2015;11:S190\u2013208.","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Mag"},{"key":"973_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.01.014","volume":"50","author":"MP Vaquero-Herrero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaquero-Herrero MP, Ragozzino S, Iriart X, Castano-Romero F, Sailler L, Sanchez-Gonzalez R, Cassaing S, Charpentier E, Berry A, Carbonell C, et al. Candida bloodstream infection in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. Med Mal Infect. 2020;50:372\u20136.","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"973_CR176","first-page":"1113","volume":"33","author":"Z He","year":"2017","unstructured":"He Z, Wang T, Shan D, Zhang X, Wang G, Wang F. [Detection and analysis of serum level of anti-Candida enolase IgG antibody in patients with autoimmune diseases]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2017;33:1113\u20137.","journal-title":"Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"973_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2005.01575.x","volume":"61","author":"M Yordanov","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yordanov M, Tchorbanov A, Ivanovska N. Candida albicans cell-wall fraction exacerbates collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Scand J Immunol. 2005;61:301\u20138.","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/23.3.198","volume":"23","author":"NJ Sheehan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sheehan NJ, Brown KA, Dumonde DC. A radiometric assessment of phagocytosis and intracellular killing by blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1984;23:198\u2013202.","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilton JM, Gibson T, Chuck CM. Defective phagocytosis by synovial fluid and blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. I. The nature of the defect. Rheumatol Rehabil. 1978;Suppl:25\u201336.","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/XVII.suppl.25"},{"key":"973_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R50","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4480","volume":"16","author":"S Bishu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bishu S, Su EW, Wilkerson ER, Reckley KA, Jones DM, McGeachy MJ, Gaffen SL, Levesque MC. Rheumatoid arthritis patients exhibit impaired Candida albicans-specific Th17 responses. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16:R50.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"973_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.37.5.416","volume":"37","author":"JS Percy","year":"1978","unstructured":"Percy JS, Davis P, Russell AS, Brisson E. A longitudinal study of in vitro tests for lymphocyte function in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1978;37:416\u201320.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2005.12.006","volume":"157","author":"P Dimitrova","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dimitrova P, Ivanovska N. Host resistance to Candida albicans infection of mice with collagen-induced arthritis treated with leflunomide. Res Microbiol. 2006;157:525\u201330.","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"973_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2006.07.002","volume":"6","author":"P Dimitrova","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dimitrova P, Ivanovska N. Influence of leflunomide on gastrointestinal Candida albicans infection induced in naive and arthritic newborn mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2006;6:1682\u20139.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"973_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30314","volume":"63","author":"FL van de Veerdonk","year":"2011","unstructured":"van de Veerdonk FL, Lauwerys B, Marijnissen RJ, Timmermans K, Di Padova F, Koenders MI, Gutierrez-Roelens I, Durez P, Netea MG, van der Meer JW, et al. The anti-CD20 antibody rituximab reduces the Th17 cell response. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:1507\u201316.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"973_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07261-1","volume":"7","author":"Y Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Y, Gong FY, Li ZJ, Gong Z, Zhou Z, Ma SY, Gao XM. A study on the risk of fungal infection with tofacitinib (CP-690550), a novel oral agent for rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep. 2017;7:6779.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"973_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136272","volume":"281","author":"H Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu H, Shen F, Liao T, Qian H, Liu Y. Sporidiobolus pararoseus polysaccharides relieve rheumatoid arthritis by regulating arachidonic acid metabolism and bone remodeling signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;281:136272.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"973_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129436","volume":"260","author":"T Liao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liao T, Shen F, Zhu H, Mu W, Qian H, Liu Y. Extracellular polysaccharides from Sporidiobolus pararoseus alleviates rheumatoid through ameliorating gut barrier function and gut microbiota. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;260:129436.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"973_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-024-01429-8","volume":"32","author":"EA Ahmed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmed EA, Alzahrani AM, Abdelsalam SA, Ibrahim HM. Flavipin from fungi as a potential inhibitor of rheumatoid arthritis signaling molecules. Inflammopharmacology. 2024;32:1171\u201386.","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"973_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112738","volume":"139","author":"C Ahmad, Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmad, Zhang C, Wang Y, Ullah H, Rahman AU, Wei J, Qin YH, Wang G, Wang B, Li X. Saccharomyces boulardii (CNCM I-745) alleviates collagen-induced arthritis by partially maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity through TLR2\/MYD88\/NF-kappaB pathway inhibition. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;139:112738.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"973_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4383-0","volume":"33","author":"N Jain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jain N, Doyon JB, Lazarus JE, Schaefer IM, Johncilla ME, Agoston AT, Dalal AK, Velasquez GE. A Case of Disseminated Histoplasmosis in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis on Abatacept. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33:769\u201372.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"973_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20058","volume":"77","author":"P Arunkumar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Arunkumar P, Crook T, Ballard J. Disseminated histoplasmosis presenting as pancytopenia in a methotrexate-treated patient. Am J Hematol. 2004;77:86\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"973_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740902776935","volume":"38","author":"J Bourre-Tessier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bourre-Tessier J, Fortin C, Belisle A, Desmarais E, Choquette D, Senecal JL. Disseminated Histoplasma capsulatum infection presenting with panniculitis and focal myositis in rheumatoid arthritis treated with etanercept. Scand J Rheumatol. 2009;38:311\u20136.","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.59556\/japi.72.0586","volume":"72","author":"HC Maheshwarappa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maheshwarappa HC, Singhai A, Mishra VN, Ingle V, Mukhopadhyay S. Disseminated Histoplasmosis Presenting as Pyrexia of Unknown Origin in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient. J Assoc Physicians India. 2024;72:107\u20138.","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"973_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526515666150724101823","volume":"15","author":"SJ Antony","year":"2015","unstructured":"Antony SJ, Parikh MS, Friedman G. Coccidioidomycosis involving the cranium: a case report and review of current literature. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2015;15:202\u20136.","journal-title":"Infect Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"973_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2009.47","volume":"6","author":"H Dai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dai H, Li Z, Zhang Y, Lv P, Gao XM. Elevated levels of serum IgA against Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Mol Immunol. 2009;6:361\u20136.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR196","first-page":"637","volume":"9","author":"R Feld","year":"1982","unstructured":"Feld R, Fornasier VL, Bombardier C, Hastings DE. Septic arthritis due to saccharomyces species in a patient with chronic rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1982;9:637\u201340.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.5.455","volume":"62","author":"IE Hoffman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hoffman IE, Demetter P, Peeters M, De Vos M, Mielants H, Veys EM, De Keyser F. Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae IgA antibodies are raised in ankylosing spondylitis and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:455\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"973_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05660-4","volume":"40","author":"HC Hsu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hsu HC, Chang YS, Hou TY, Chen LF, Hu LF, Lin TM, Chiou CS, Tsai KL, Lin SH, Kuo PI, et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a nationwide population-based study. Clin Rheumatol. 2021;40:3755\u201363.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2010.02415.x","volume":"41","author":"G Wissmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wissmann G, Morilla R, Martin-Garrido I, Friaza V, Respaldiza N, Povedano J, Praena-Fernandez JM, Montes-Cano MA, Medrano FJ, Goldani LZ, et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization in patients treated with infliximab. Eur J Clin Invest. 2011;41:343\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"973_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2024.08.013","volume":"58","author":"YC Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang YC, Lee NY, Weng MY. Increased risk of Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization in rheumatoid arthritis patients on biologics and Janus kinase inhibitor. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2025;58:112\u20139.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"973_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s10165-012-0615-z","volume":"22","author":"M Tanaka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tanaka M, Sakai R, Koike R, Komano Y, Nanki T, Sakai F, Sugiyama H, Matsushima H, Kojima T, Ohta S, et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia associated with etanercept treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective review of 15 cases and analysis of risk factors. Mod Rheumatol. 2012;22:849\u201358.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24283","volume":"61","author":"Y Komano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Komano Y, Harigai M, Koike R, Sugiyama H, Ogawa J, Saito K, Sekiguchi N, Inoo M, Onishi I, Ohashi H, et al. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab: a retrospective review and case-control study of 21 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:305\u201312.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"973_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9250-x","volume":"52","author":"N Kaur","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kaur N, Mahl TC. Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pneumonia after infliximab therapy: a review of 84 cases. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:1481\u20134.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"973_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s10165-012-0796-5","volume":"23","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Watanabe K, Sakai R, Koike R, Sakai F, Sugiyama H, Tanaka M, Komano Y, Akiyama Y, Mimura T, Kaneko M, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving adalimumab: a retrospective review and case-control study of 17 patients. Mod Rheumatol. 2013;23:1085\u201393.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.248.209","volume":"248","author":"N Sakamoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sakamoto N, Hara S, Ishimoto H, Nakashima S, Yura H, Miyamura T, Okuno D, Hara A, Kakugawa T, Yamaguchi H, et al. Serum Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor Is a Biomarker for Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia among Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis under Methotrexate Therapy. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2019;248:209\u201316.","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"973_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3710652","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3710652","volume":"2017","author":"M Akiyama","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akiyama M, Kaneko Y, Takeuchi T. Comparison of the Clinical Characteristics of Pneumocystis Pneumonia between Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Being Treated with Biologics and Those Being Treated without Biologics. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:3710652.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"973_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.47.0702","volume":"47","author":"H Tokuda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tokuda H, Sakai F, Yamada H, Johkoh T, Imamura A, Dohi M, Hirakata M, Yamada T, Kamatani N, Kikuchi Y, et al. Clinical and radiological features of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, in comparison with methotrexate pneumonitis and Pneumocystis pneumonia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a multicenter study. Intern Med. 2008;47:915\u201323.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"973_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.8205-21","volume":"61","author":"SI Ohmura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ohmura SI, Homma Y, Masui T, Miyamoto T. Factors Associated with Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving Methotrexate: A Single-center Retrospective Study. Intern Med. 2022;61:997\u20131006.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"973_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000731","volume":"24","author":"K Yukawa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yukawa K, Nagamoto Y, Watanabe H, Funaki M, Iwahashi M, Yamana J, Sasaki R, Yamana S. Risk Factors for Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and a Prophylactic Indication of Trimethoprim\/Sulfamethoxazole. J Clin Rheumatol. 2018;24:355\u201360.","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7399","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087399","volume":"24","author":"H Shiba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shiba H, Kotani T, Nagai K, Hata K, Yamamoto W, Yoshikawa A, Wada Y, Hiramatsu Y, Makino H, Ueda Y, et al. Prognostic Factors Affecting Death in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Complicated by Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia and One-Year Clinical Course: The ANSWER Cohort Study. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:7399.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"973_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2022.10.019","volume":"29","author":"T Nunokawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nunokawa T, Chinen N, Shimada K, Kimura M, Tateishi M, Chen FY, Setoguchi K, Sugihara M. Efficacy of sulfasalazine for the prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A multicentric self-controlled case series study. J Infect Chemother. 2023;29:193\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"973_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2018.1465647","volume":"29","author":"T Nunokawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nunokawa T, Yokogawa N, Shimada K, Sugii S. Effect of sulfasalazine use on the presence of Pneumocystis organisms in the lung among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A test-negative design case-control study with PCR tests. Mod Rheumatol. 2019;29:436\u201340.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.081270","volume":"36","author":"S Mori","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mori S, Cho I, Sugimoto M. A followup study of asymptomatic carriers of Pneumocystis jiroveci during immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:1600\u20135.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.1918-18","volume":"58","author":"Y Ito","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ito Y, Tanigawa M, Takemura T, Iwamoto K, Nigi A, Sasano H, Itani H, Kondo S, Tokui T, Nakamura S, Miyazaki Y. Chronic Nodular Pulmonary Aspergillosis in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Intern Med. 2019;58:979\u201384.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"973_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-018-0381-0","volume":"18","author":"R Shinoki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shinoki R, Takeshima T, Horie K, Matsui T, Horita A, Saito I, Hirai K. Case report: retroperitoneal aspergilloma in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis presenting as malignant tumor. BMC Urol. 2018;18:67.","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"973_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-004-0900-0","volume":"23","author":"M Marinosa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marinosa M, Soler A, Nogues X, Pedro-Botet J. Pulmonary coinfection by Pneumocystis carinii and Aspegillus fumigatus in a seronegative arthritis patient treated with low-dose methotrexate. Clin Rheumatol. 2004;23:555\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2005.02027.x","volume":"46","author":"C Robinson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Robinson C, Singh N, Addis B. Eosinophilic pneumonia and aspergillus colonization of rheumatoid nodules. Histopathology. 2005;46:709\u201310.","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"973_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1086\/502250","volume":"24","author":"FG De Rosa","year":"2003","unstructured":"De Rosa FG, Shaz D, Campagna AC, Dellaripa PE, Khettry U, Craven DE. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis soon after therapy with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha-neutralizing antibody: a possible healthcare-associated case? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24:477\u201382.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"973_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/00362178385380221","volume":"21","author":"H Schonheyder","year":"1983","unstructured":"Schonheyder H, Andersen I, Andersen P. Serum antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus in patients with rheumatic diseases. Sabouraudia. 1983;21:149\u201357.","journal-title":"Sabouraudia"},{"key":"973_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2015.08.002","volume":"54","author":"M Horie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Horie M, Tamiya H, Goto Y, Suzuki M, Matsuzaki H, Hasegawa WT, Noguchi S, Kawakami M, Matsuta K, Nagase T, Sakamoto Y. Nonspecific elevation of serum Aspergillus galactomannan antigen levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Respir Investig. 2016;54:44\u20139.","journal-title":"Respir Investig"},{"key":"973_CR221","first-page":"53","volume":"7","author":"ML Wilson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wilson ML, Sewell LD, Mowad CM. Primary cutaneous Cryptococcosis during therapy with methotrexate and adalimumab. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7:53\u20134.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"973_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09696-0","volume":"24","author":"YJ Chu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chu YJ, Zhou J. A case of primary cutaneous Cryptococcus neoformans infection. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24:822.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"973_CR223","first-page":"1561","volume":"29","author":"DG True","year":"2002","unstructured":"True DG, Penmetcha M, Peckham SJ. Disseminated cryptococcal infection in rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate and infliximab. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:1561\u20133.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.12.015","volume":"58","author":"H Kozic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kozic H, Riggs K, Ringpfeil F, Lee JB. Disseminated Cryptococcus neoformans after treatment with infliximab for rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:S95\u201396.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"973_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.9764-22","volume":"62","author":"Y Motokura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Motokura Y, Ito A, Yokoe S, Iri O, Nishimura K, Kamiyama S, Ishida T. Pulmonary Cryptococcosis Diagnosed by a Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsy in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Intern Med. 2023;62:583\u20137.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"973_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab658","volume":"61","author":"J Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li J, Yu Y, Xie J, Jiang Y, Lu L. Cryptococcal pneumonia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with baricitinib. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;61:e6\u20137.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"973_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.6.2395","volume":"124","author":"CA Hage","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hage CA, Wood KL, Winer-Muram HT, Wilson SJ, Sarosi G, Knox KS. Pulmonary cryptococcosis after initiation of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. Chest. 2003;124:2395\u20137.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"973_CR228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker210","volume":"50","author":"T Wingfield","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wingfield T, Jani M, Krutikov M, Mayer J, Uriel A, Marks J, Ustianowski AP. Cryptococcal meningitis in an HIV-negative patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with rituximab. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50:1725\u20137.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"973_CR229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.37.534","volume":"37","author":"M Fukuchi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fukuchi M, Mizushima Y, Hori T, Kobayashi M. Cryptococcal pleural effusion in a patient with chronic renal failure receiving long-term corticosteroid therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Intern Med. 1998;37:534\u20137.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"973_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-239","volume":"10","author":"C Probst","year":"2010","unstructured":"Probst C, Pongratz G, Capellino S, Szeimies RM, Scholmerich J, Fleck M, Salzberger B, Ehrenstein B. Cryptococcosis mimicking cutaneous cellulitis in a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:239.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"973_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03137.x","volume":"47","author":"EA Moosbrugger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moosbrugger EA, Adams BB, Kralovic SM. Cutaneous cryptococcosis in a patient on corticosteroid therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Dermatol. 2008;47:630\u20132.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"973_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.05.030","volume":"22","author":"TL Liao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liao TL, Chen YM, Chen DY. Risk factors for cryptococcal infection among patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving different immunosuppressive medications. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22:815. e811-815 e813.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"973_CR233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062483","volume":"28","author":"M Meng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meng M, Yao J, Zhang Y, Sun H, Liu M. Potential Anti-Rheumatoid Arthritis Activities and Mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides. Molecules. 2023;28:2483.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"973_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-006-9409-y","volume":"301","author":"YW Ho","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ho YW, Yeung JS, Chiu PK, Tang WM, Lin ZB, Man RY, Lau CS. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines in activated rheumatoid synovial fibroblast. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007;301:173\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"973_CR235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.07.028","volume":"120","author":"FF Lam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lam FF, Ko IW, Ng ES, Tam LS, Leung PC, Li EK. Analgesic and anti-arthritic effects of Lingzhi and San Miao San supplementation in a rat model of arthritis induced by Freund\u2019s complete adjuvant. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;120:44\u201350.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"973_CR236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxm061","volume":"19","author":"WK Chan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chan WK, Law HK, Lin ZB, Lau YL, Chan GC. Response of human dendritic cells to different immunomodulatory polysaccharides derived from mushroom and barley. Int Immunol. 2007;19:891\u20139.","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"973_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118231","volume":"267","author":"C Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo C, Guo D, Fang L, Sang T, Wu J, Guo C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen C, Chen J, et al. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide modulates gut microbiota and immune cell function to inhibit inflammation and tumorigenesis in colon. Carbohydr Polym. 2021;267:118231.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"973_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.2022045268","volume":"24","author":"X Jia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jia X, Ma B, Xue F, Xing Y, Wu P, Li T, Shi F, Xu C. Structure Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) by Microwave-Assisted Freeze-Thaw Extraction. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2022;24:49\u201361.","journal-title":"Int J Med Mushrooms"},{"key":"973_CR239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.03.023","volume":"31","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Tang J, Gao H, Xu Y, Han Y, Shang H, Lu Y, Qin C. Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids and polysaccharides attenuate atherosclerotic plaque in high-fat diet rabbits. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;31:1929\u201338.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"973_CR240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2014.07.007","volume":"32","author":"J Habijanic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Habijanic J, Berovic M, Boh B, Plankl M, Wraber B. Submerged cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum and the effects of its polysaccharides on the production of human cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-17. N Biotechnol. 2015;32:85\u201395.","journal-title":"N Biotechnol"},{"key":"973_CR241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03698J","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Song S, Li H, Wang X, Song L, Xue J. Polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum alleviates cognitive impairment in a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by regulating CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Food Funct. 2022;13:1941\u201352.","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"973_CR242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.015","volume":"107","author":"K Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang K, Liu Y, Zhao X, Tang Q, Dernedde J, Zhang J, Fan H. Anti-inflammatory properties of GLPss58, a sulfated polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;107:486\u201393.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"973_CR243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155010","volume":"119","author":"M Meng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meng M, Wang L, Yao Y, Lin D, Wang C, Yao J, Sun H, Liu M. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide (GLPP) attenuates rheumatic arthritis in rats through inactivating NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways. Phytomedicine. 2023;119:155010.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"973_CR244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2010.10.016","volume":"18","author":"WY Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen WY, Yang WB, Wong CH, Shih DT. Effect of Reishi polysaccharides on human stem\/progenitor cells. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010;18:8583\u201391.","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"key":"973_CR245","first-page":"833","volume":"25","author":"QZ Cao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cao QZ, Lin ZB. Antitumor and anti-angiogenic activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2004;25:833\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"973_CR246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.07.017","volume":"78","author":"QZ Cao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cao QZ, Lin ZB. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide inhibits the growth of vascular endothelial cell and the induction of VEGF in human lung cancer cell. Life Sci. 2006;78:1457\u201363.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"973_CR247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2012.0101","volume":"34","author":"LX Sun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sun LX, Lin ZB, Duan XS, Qi HH, Yang N, Li M, Xing EH, Sun Y, Yu M, Li WD, Lu J. Suppression of the production of transforming growth factor beta1, interleukin-10, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the B16F10 cells by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2014;34:667\u201375.","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"973_CR248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22994","volume":"57","author":"EK Li","year":"2007","unstructured":"Li EK, Tam LS, Wong CK, Li WC, Lam CW, Wachtel-Galor S, Benzie IF, Bao YX, Leung PC, Tomlinson B. Safety and efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi) and San Miao San supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57:1143\u201350.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"973_CR249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e201900904","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-865020190090000004","volume":"34","author":"N Lacin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lacin N, Izol SB, Ipek F, Tuncer MC. Ganoderma lucidum, a promising agent possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects for treating calvarial defects with graft application in rats. Acta Cir Bras. 2019;34:e201900904.","journal-title":"Acta Cir Bras"},{"key":"973_CR250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.10.029","volume":"55","author":"PT Tran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tran PT, Dat NT, Dang NH, Van Cuong P, Lee S, Hwangbo C, Van Minh C, Lee JH. Ganomycin I from Ganoderma lucidum attenuates RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting MAPKs and NFATc1. Phytomedicine. 2019;55:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"973_CR251","first-page":"315","volume":"42","author":"E Jansson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jansson E, Backman A, Hakkarainen K, Miettinen A, Seniusova B. Mycoplasmas and arthritis. Z Rheumatol. 1983;42:315\u20139.","journal-title":"Z Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210750","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210750","volume":"14","author":"KA Chu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chu KA, Chen W, Hsu CY, Hung YM, Wei JC. Increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis among patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0210750.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"973_CR253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh630","volume":"44","author":"AS Ramirez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ramirez AS, Rosas A, Hernandez-Beriain JA, Orengo JC, Saavedra P, de la Fe C, Fernandez A, Poveda JB. Relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae: a case-control study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44:912\u20134.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"973_CR254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.90-93.2000","volume":"38","author":"S Johnson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Johnson S, Sidebottom D, Bruckner F, Collins D. Identification of Mycoplasma fermentans in synovial fluid samples from arthritis patients with inflammatory disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:90\u20133.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"973_CR255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-10-97","volume":"10","author":"C Gil","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gil C, Rivera A, Banuelos D, Salinas S, Garcia-Latorre E, Cedillo L. Presence of Mycoplasma fermentans in the bloodstream of Mexican patients with rheumatoid arthritis and IgM and IgG antibodies against whole microorganism. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10:97.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"973_CR256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0147724","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01477-24","volume":"13","author":"GL Erre","year":"2025","unstructured":"Erre GL, Phan NDT, Diaz N, Congiargiu A, Mundula N, Mangoni AA, Phan TMP, Margarita V, Fiori PL, Rappelli P, et al. Microbial players in autoimmunity: multicentric analysis of the association between Mycoplasma hominis serostatus and rheumatoid arthritis. Microbiol Spectr. 2025;13:e0147724.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"973_CR257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e237798","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-237798","volume":"14","author":"N Bozo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bozo N, Ravn C, Stenz Justesen U, Dahlerup Rasmussen L. Mycoplasma hominis septic arthritis in a patient with hypogammaglobinaemia and rheumatoid arthritis. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14:e237798.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"973_CR258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060513498542","volume":"41","author":"M Fu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fu M, Chen LH, Xia G, Zhang Y. Effects of Ureaplasma urealyticum lipid-associated membrane proteins on rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. J Int Med Res. 2013;41:1655\u201370.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"973_CR259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360717","volume":"36","author":"BC Cole","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cole BC, Griffiths MM. Triggering and exacerbation of autoimmune arthritis by the Mycoplasma arthritidis superantigen MAM. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36:994\u20131002.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"973_CR260","first-page":"358","volume":"27","author":"A Sawitzke","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sawitzke A, Joyner D, Knudtson K, Mu HH, Cole B. Anti-MAM antibodies in rheumatic disease: evidence for a MAM-like superantigen in rheumatoid arthritis? J Rheumatol. 2000;27:358\u201364.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.02.079","volume":"369","author":"Y Kawahito","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kawahito Y, Ichinose S, Sano H, Tsubouchi Y, Kohno M, Yoshikawa T, Tokunaga D, Hojo T, Harasawa R, Nakano T, Matsuda K. Mycoplasma fermentans glycolipid-antigen as a pathogen of rheumatoid arthritis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;369:561\u20136.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"973_CR262","first-page":"474","volume":"64","author":"E Toussirot","year":"1997","unstructured":"Toussirot E, Despaux J, Wendling D. Do minocycline and other tetracyclines have a place in rheumatology? Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997;64:474\u201380.","journal-title":"Rev Rhum Engl Ed"},{"key":"973_CR263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3914","volume":"21","author":"X Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhang D, Jia H, Feng Q, Wang D, Liang D, Wu X, Li J, Tang L, Li Y, et al. The oral and gut microbiomes are perturbed in rheumatoid arthritis and partly normalized after treatment. Nat Med. 2015;21:895\u2013905.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"973_CR264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00585-3","volume":"17","author":"MM Zaiss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zaiss MM, Joyce Wu HJ, Mauro D, Schett G, Ciccia F. The gut-joint axis in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2021;17:224\u201337.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuy035","volume":"43","author":"M du Teil Espina","year":"2019","unstructured":"du Teil Espina M, Gabarrini G, Harmsen HJM, Westra J, van Winkelhoff AJ, van Dijl JM. Talk to your gut: the oral-gut microbiome axis and its immunomodulatory role in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2019;43:1\u201318.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"973_CR266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.121","volume":"7","author":"JU Scher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scher JU, Abramson SB. The microbiome and rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011;7:569\u201378.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"973_CR267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270613","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2016.1270613","volume":"9","author":"MM Janus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Janus MM, Crielaard W, Volgenant CM, van der Veen MH, Brandt BW, Krom BP. Candida albicans alters the bacterial microbiome of early in vitro oral biofilms. J Oral Microbiol. 2017;9:1270613.","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"973_CR268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartnicka D, Gonzalez-Gonzalez M, Sykut J, Koziel J, Ciaston I, Adamowicz K, Bras G, Zawrotniak M, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Satala D, et al. Candida albicans shields the periodontal killer porphyromonas gingivalis from recognition by the host immune system and supports the bacterial infection of gingival tissue. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:1984.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21061984"},{"key":"973_CR269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2023.102026","volume":"7","author":"R Abdulqadir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdulqadir R, Engers J, Al-Sadi R. Role of Bifidobacterium in Modulating the Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Barrier: Current Knowledge and Perspectives. Curr Dev Nutr. 2023;7:102026.","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"973_CR270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31826a409c","volume":"41","author":"S Kumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kumar S, Bansal A, Chakrabarti A, Singhi S. Evaluation of efficacy of probiotics in prevention of candida colonization in a PICU-a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:565\u201372.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"973_CR271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108431","volume":"215","author":"R Ma","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ma R, Jia B, Zhang X, Zhao Z, Zhao F, Liong MT, Ali A, Abd Hamid IJ, Hasan TH, Taib F, Sun Z. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis B8762 modulates the infant gut-lung axis via microbial and metabolic reprogramming. Microb Pathog. 2026;215:108431.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"973_CR272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020255","volume":"15","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao Q, Ren H, Yang N, Xia X, Chen Q, Zhou D, Liu Z, Chen X, Chen Y, Huang W, et al. Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum-Mediated Bile Acid Metabolism to Prevent Rheumatoid Arthritis via the Gut-Joint Axis. Nutrients. 2023;15:255.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"973_CR273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9040144","volume":"9","author":"X Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou X, Devescovi V, Liu Y, Dent JE, Nardini C. Host-Microbiome Synergistic Control on Sphingolipid Metabolism by Mechanotransduction in Model Arthritis. Biomolecules. 2019;9:144.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"973_CR274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8941","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45435-1","volume":"9","author":"NS Nagra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nagra NS, Robinson DE, Douglas I, Delmestri A, Dakin SG, Snelling SJB, Carr AJ, Prieto-Alhambra D. Antibiotic treatment and flares of rheumatoid arthritis: a self-controlled case series study analysis using CPRD GOLD. Sci Rep. 2019;9:8941.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"973_CR275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez452","volume":"59","author":"D Armstrong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Armstrong D, Dregan A, Ashworth M, White P, McGee C, de Lusignan S. Influence of prior antibiotic use on risk of rheumatoid arthritis: case control study in general practice. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59:1281\u20137.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"973_CR276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1670","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae973","volume":"53","author":"S Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang S, Li H, Zhang L, Mu W, Zhang Y, Chen T, Wu J, Tang H, Zheng S, Liu Y, et al. Generic Diagramming Platform (GDP): a comprehensive database of high-quality biomedical graphics. Nucleic Acids Res. 2025;53:D1670\u20136.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"}],"container-title":["Biomarker Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40364-026-00973-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40364-026-00973-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40364-026-00973-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:05:08Z","timestamp":1788278708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40364-026-00973-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":276,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["973"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40364-026-00973-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-7771"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-7771","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"No ethical approval was required because this study analyzed data from previously published studies and did not involve any participants or patients.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"117"}}