{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:25:54Z","timestamp":1792664754208,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Eye Cancer Foundation","award":["00810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00810"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["j. immunotherapy cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0555-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T13:02:41Z","timestamp":1553518961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Checkpoint inhibition immunotherapy for advanced local and systemic conjunctival melanoma: a clinical case series"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8111-3896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul T.","family":"Finger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna C.","family":"Pavlick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"555_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)00122-7","volume":"42","author":"S Seregard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Seregard S. Conjunctival melanoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 1998;42(4):321\u201350.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"555_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02288-2","volume":"135","author":"GP Yu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yu GP, Hu DN, McCormick S, Finger PT. Conjunctival melanoma: is it increasing in the United States? Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135(6):800\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"555_CR3","first-page":"3399","volume":"43","author":"S Tuomaala","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tuomaala S, Eskelin S, Tarkkanen A, Kivela T. Population-based assessment of clinical characteristics predicting outcome of conjunctival melanoma in whites. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43(11):3399\u2013408.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"555_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coupland SE, Barnhill R, Conway RM, et. al. Chapter 66: Conjunctival Melanoma, Ophthalmic Sites: Part XV. In: The AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 8th edition. Amin, MB, Edge S, Greene F, Byrd DR, Brookland RK, Washington MK, Gershenwald JE, Compton CC, Hess KR, Sullivan DC, Jessup JM, Brierley JD, Gaspar LE, Schilsky RL, Balch CM, Winchester DP, Asare EA, Madera M, Gress DM, Meyer LR (Eds.) New York, Springer 2017, p. 795\u2013804.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40618-3_66"},{"issue":"3","key":"555_CR5","first-page":"315","volume":"22","author":"L Desjardins","year":"1999","unstructured":"Desjardins L, Poncet P, Levy C, Schlienger P, Asselain B, Validire P. Prognostic factors in malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva: an anatomo-clinical study of 56 patients. J Fr Ophthalmol. 1999;22(3):315\u201321.","journal-title":"J Fr Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"555_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.2566","volume":"130","author":"YA Yousef","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yousef YA, Finger PT. Predictive value of the seventh edition American joint committee on Cancer staging system for conjunctival melanoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(5):599\u2013606.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"555_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-004-1080-y","volume":"243","author":"M Kurli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kurli M, Finger PT. Topical mitomycin chemotherapy for conjunctival malignant melanoma and primary acquired melanosis with atypia: 12 years\u2019 experience. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243(11):1108\u201314.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"555_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.08.027","volume":"145","author":"PT Finger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Finger PT, Sedeek RW, Chin KJ. Topical interferon alfa in the treatment of conjunctival melanoma and primary acquired melanosis complex. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145(1):124\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"555_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.064204","volume":"89","author":"PT Finger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Finger PT. \u201cFinger-tip\u201d cryotherapy probes: treatment of squamous and melanocytic conjunctival neoplasia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(8):942\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"555_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.06.001","volume":"62","author":"GK Vora","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vora GK, Demirci H, Marr B, Mruthyunjaya P. Advances in the Management of Conjunctival Melanoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 2017;62(1):26\u201342.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"555_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2009.06.004","volume":"54","author":"PT Finger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Finger PT. Radiation therapy for orbital tumors: concepts, current use and ophthalmic radiation side effects. Surv Ophthalmol. 2009;54(5):545\u201368.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"555_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagiv O, Sudip DT, Kandl TJ, Ford J, Sniegowski MC, Hwu W-J, et al. Immunotherapy with programmed cell death 1 inhibitors for 5 patients with conjunctival melanoma. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(11):1236\u201341.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.3488"},{"issue":"4","key":"555_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.124339","volume":"92","author":"M Kurli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kurli M, Chin K, Finger PT. Whole-body 18 FDG PET\/CT imaging for lymph nodes and metastatic staging of conjunctival melanoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(4):479\u201382.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"555_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504030","volume":"373","author":"J Larkin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Larkin J, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, Grob JJ, Cowey CL, Lao CD, et al. Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):23\u201334.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"555_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2015.05.015","volume":"42","author":"T Floros","year":"2015","unstructured":"Floros T, Tarhini AA. Anticancer cytokines: biology and clinical effects of IFN-\u03b12, IL-2, IL-15, IL-21, and IL-12. Semin Oncol. 2015;42(4):539\u201348.","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"555_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.3200","volume":"133","author":"AC Larsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Larsen AC, Dahmcke CM, Dahl C, Siersma VD, Toft PB, Coupland SE, et al. A retrospective review of conjunctival melanoma presentation, treatment, and outcome and an investigation of features associated with BRAF mutations. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(11):1295\u2013303.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"555_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1097\/00008390-200412000-00003","volume":"14","author":"HE Spendlove","year":"2004","unstructured":"Spendlove HE, Damato BE, Humphreys J, Barker KT, Hiscott PS, Houlston RS. BRAF mutations are detectable in conjunctival but not uveal melanomas. Melanoma Res. 2004;14:449\u201352.","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"key":"555_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050092","volume":"353","author":"JA Curtin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Curtin JA, Fridlyand J, Kageshita T, Patel HN, Busam KJ, Kutzner H, et al. Distinct sets of genetic alterations in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2135\u201347.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"555_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6934","volume":"52","author":"SL Lake","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lake SL, Jmor F, Dopierala J, Taktak AG, Coupland SE, Damato BE. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification of conjunctival melanoma reveals common BRAF V600E gene mutation and gene copy number changes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:5598\u2013604.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"555_CR20","unstructured":"Finger PT, Pavlick AC. Intraocular melanoma. In: Devita Jr VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA, editors. Devita, Hellman, and Rosenberg\u2019s Cancer: principles & practice of oncology, 11th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters and Kluver; Chapter 11, 2019. pp. 1899-1909."},{"key":"555_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30259","volume":"122","author":"AN Shoushtari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shoushtari AN, Munhoz RR, Kuk D, Ott PA, Johnson DB, Tsai KK, et al. The efficacy of anti-PD-1 agents in acral and mucosal melanoma. Cancer. 2016;122:3354\u201362.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"555_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000859","volume":"39","author":"E Shustef","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shustef E, Torres-Cabala CA, Curry JL, Tetzlaff MT, Nagarajan P, Ivan D, Prieto VG, Aung PP. Intraepithelial melanoma in the stomach after treatment with immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Am J Dermatopathol. 2017;39(8):e116\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"555_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2016.2949","volume":"27","author":"J Thierauf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thierauf J, Veit JA, Hess J, Treiber N, Lisson C, Weissinger SE, et al. Checkpoint inhibition for advanced mucosal melanoma. Eur J Dermatol. 2017;27(2):160\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40425-019-0555-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40425-019-0555-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40425-019-0555-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T13:33:19Z","timestamp":1607002399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jitc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1186\/s40425-019-0555-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40425-019-0555-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-1426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-1426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 October 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Paul T. Finger, MD, FACS has been an eye cancer specialist for 32\u2009years. He has served as Chair, of the Ophthalmology Section of the American Joint Committee on Cancer to coordinate development of the staging system for conjunctival melanoma (and other cancers).Anna Pavlick, MD, MBA is a Professor of Medicine and Dermatology at New York University School of Medicine and co- Director, the NYU Melanoma Program.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 information"}},{"value":"This retrospective clinical case series, reviewing the results of a new therapeutic intervention was approved by the Internal Review Board\/Ethics Committee of The New York Eye Cancer Center. This study conforms to the Tenets of Helsinki and the Health Privacy and Portability Act of 1996.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All patients have signed consent to have their medical information (details and images) used for research and publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"83"}}