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Deer populations can be managed using traditional lethal methods; however, these methods are often impractical, ineffective, or socially unacceptable, prompting interest in management alternatives, including fertility control. Some fertility control methods (such as vasectomy, tubal ligation, and porcine zona pellucida-based vaccines) cause unsuccessfully bred females to experience multiple estrous cycles, potentially altering their movement behavior and fine-scale activity. Such changes could increase the risk of DVCs and negatively affect the physical condition of the animals. However, the effects of such treatments on animal behavior remain poorly understood, specifically in terms of breeding-related movements and energetics. This study aimed to evaluate the behavioral impacts of a large-scale vasectomy program on white-tailed deer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a 2-year study using a treatment\/control design and analyzed biologging data of white-tailed deer at two sites near New York City, USA. We used a moving-window approach to assess the effects of a large-scale vasectomy program on the seasonal changes in movement behavior (home-range size, distance traveled, diffusion, and excursivity) and fine-scale activity (time spent in low-activity states and the daily number of state transitions).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were no biologically significant differences in movement behavior or activity trends in either sex between the treatment and control groups. Females in both groups exhibited similar trends in all movement metrics, but females at the treatment site tended to switch between activity states more often in winter. Males at the treatment site expanded their space use less than control males during peak breeding season but otherwise exhibited similar movement behavior trends. Mortality rates and causes were similar at both sites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The vasectomy program, despite causing extra estrus periods in unsuccessfully bred females, is unlikely to cause appreciable behavioral changes that could exacerbate management-related issues at the time scales investigated. Fertility control methods inducing extra estrus periods could be implemented alone or alongside other strategies to reduce abundant deer populations with minimal impact on behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-025-00554-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T12:44:55Z","timestamp":1747226695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of vasectomy on breeding-related movement and activity in free-ranging white-tailed deer"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Vickie","family":"DeNicola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Mezzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petar","family":"Bursa\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranav","family":"Minasandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Cagnacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"554_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725","volume":"35","author":"SD C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2004","unstructured":"C\u00f4t\u00e9 SD, Rooney TP, Tremblay JP, Dussault C, Waller DM. 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