{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:55:53Z","timestamp":1781639753601,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mov Ecol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Predator movements vary across different ecological contexts, offering valuable insights into their foraging strategies. However, studying these contexts in marine predators is challenging due to the difficulty of observing them and their prey over sufficient spatiotemporal scales. Using bio-loggers and detailed life history information, we investigated abiotic and biotic factors shaping the diving behavior of a highly social apex predator\u2014the false killer whale (\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudorca crassidens<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u2014around the Hawaiian Archipelago where three partially sympatric, genetically differentiated populations coexist.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We deployed time-depth recorders (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095) and depth-transmitting satellite tags (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200916) on false killer whales between 1999 and 2025 to describe diving at multiple spatiotemporal scales and ecological contexts. We fit generalized additive mixed-effects models to examine relationships between dive metrics and temporal and spatial proxies of prey distribution. Dive metrics were compared across demographic traits (sex, population, relative size) to assess potential drivers of behavioral variability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>False killer whales spent most of their time in near-surface waters and frequently dove within the epipelagic zone. Individuals exhibited various dive types within and among different habitats, including near-seafloor and deep (\u2009&gt;\u20091000\u2009m; record maximum of 1424\u2009m) diving behavior. Dive rates and depths were highest during daylight hours and full moons, although with significant inter-individual variation. Dive depth increased with current magnitude and mixed layer depth and decreased with lagged surface chlorophyll-a concentration. Larger individuals tended to dive deeper, although with high variation across demographic groups. These findings offer key insights into potential drivers of diving behavior, albeit with small effect sizes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We present the first comprehensive description of diving behavior for this species, which was characterized by variable temporal patterns, in contrast to sympatric species that are known to exploit diel vertically migrating prey. The diversity of dive types across habitats, along with trends between dive metrics and oceanographic variables, suggests that false killer whales may adjust their vertical movements to target different prey and environmental conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic>H\u014d\u02bbulu\u02bbulu Mana\u02bbo (Hawaiian language abstract)<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic>Ke Kahua<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u02bbOko\u02bba ka holo \u02bbana o ke po\u02bbii\u02bba ma n\u0101 \u02bbano honua kaiaola like \u02bbole, a hiki n\u014d ke \u02bbike \u02bbia k\u0101 l\u0101kou ka\u02bbak\u0101lai \u02bbai. Pa\u02bbakik\u012b na\u02bbe ke kilo \u02bbana i k\u0113ia mau honua o n\u0101 po\u02bbii\u02bba kai \u02bboiai, pa\u02bbakik\u012b ka n\u0101n\u0101 \u02bbana i\u0101 l\u0101kou me k\u0101 l\u0101kou \u02bbai ma n\u0101 p\u0101l\u0101ki\u014d henua kaime. Ma o ka ho\u02bbohana \u02bbana aku i n\u0101 l\u0113pili ola a me n\u0101 \u02bbikepili ola kiko\u02bb\u012b, noi\u02bbi m\u0101kou i hiki i n\u0101 mea \u02bb\u014dnaeao a me n\u0101 mea ola kino ke p\u0101 i ke \u02bbano o ka lu\u02bbu \u02bbana o ke po\u02bbii\u02bba keu ma ka lauana \u02bbana - ke kohol\u0101 \u02bb\u0101huka iwi po\u02bbo like (\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudorca crassidens<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) - a puni ka pae\u02bb\u0101ina Hawai\u02bbi i noho p\u016b \u02bbekolu p\u016b\u02bbuo \u02bbano pili a \u02bboko\u02bba ma ke \u014dewe ho\u02bbi.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic>Ki\u02bbina Hana<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ua ho\u02bbopa\u02bba m\u0101kou i n\u0101 m\u012bkini ana kaime a hohonu (n=5) a me n\u0101 pepili ho\u02bboili ukali hohonu (n=16) ma n\u0101 kohol\u0101 \u02bb\u0101huka iwi po\u02bbo like mai n\u0101 makahiki 1999\u20132025 i mea e wehewehe aku ai i kalu\u02bbu \u02bbana ma n\u0101 p\u0101l\u0101ki\u014d henua kaime a me n\u0101 p\u014d\u02bbaiapii kaiaola. Ua ho\u02bbohana m\u0101kou i n\u0101 ana pilina kaulike a me n\u0101 ana kaulele no ke k\u0101lailai \u02bbana aku i ka pilina wa ma waena o n\u0101 \u02bbikepili lu\u02bbu a me n\u0101 mea kaime a henua ho\u02bbi o ka ho\u02bbomalele \u02bbana o ka \u02bbai. Ho\u02bboh\u0101likelike \u02bbia n\u0101 \u02bbikepili lu\u02bbu ma n\u0101 wae\u02bbanona \u02bbano (ke keka, ka p\u016b\u02bbuo, ka nui) i mea e k\u0101lailai ai i n\u0101 mea e hiki ke p\u0101 aku i n\u0101 \u02bboko\u02bba o ka lawena.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic>N\u0101 Hua<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>I ka hapanui o ko l\u0101kou ola, noho pinepine n\u0101 kohol\u0101 \u02bb\u0101huka iwi po\u02bbo like i ka \u02bbili kai a lu\u02bbu l\u0101kou i loko o ka wao m\u0101lamalama. Ma ka ho\u02bbokahi, h\u014d\u02bbike \u02bbia n\u0101 \u02bbano lu\u02bbu like \u02bbole i loko o n\u0101 kaianoho \u02bboko\u02bba, e like ho\u02bbi me ka pili papak\u016b a hohonu (&gt;1,000m; ma ka hohonu loa 1,424m) lawena lu\u02bbu. \u02bbO ka pinepine a me ka hohonu o ka lu\u02bbu \u02bbana, ua ki\u02bbeki\u02bbe loa ma n\u0101 hola ao a me n\u0101 w\u0101 mahina poepoe, me ka loa\u02bba p\u016b na\u02bbe o ka \u02bboko\u02bba o k\u0113l\u0101 me k\u0113ia. Ua pi\u02bbi ka hohonu o ka lu\u02bbu \u02bbana i ka nui o ke au a me ka hohonu o ka wao p\u0101 lewa a ua iho i ka lohi o ka aea \u02bbana o ke kolopila-\u02bb\u0101. \u02bbOi a\u02bbe ka hohonu o ka pi\u02bbi \u02bbana o n\u0101 mea \u02bboi aku o kona nui, eia na\u02bbe, me ka nui o ka loli \u02bbana ma n\u0101 p\u016b\u02bbuo \u02bbano. Ma o k\u0113ia mau hua, loa\u02bba n\u014d n\u0101 \u02bbike ko\u02bbiko\u02bbi no n\u0101 e p\u0101 ana i ke \u02bbano o ka lu\u02bbu, i loko n\u014d na\u02bbe o ka li\u02bbili\u02bbi o ka hopena.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic>N\u0101 Mana\u02bbo Hope<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>H\u014d\u02bbike aku m\u0101kou ka wehewehena piha mua o ka hana lu\u02bbu o k\u0113ia \u02bbano l\u0101hui, i kuhikuhi \u02bbia ma n\u0101 lauana kaime \u02bboko\u02bba, i ho\u02bboh\u0101likelike \u02bbia me ka l\u0101hui \u02bbano pili a \u02bboko\u02bba ma ke \u014dewe ho\u02bbi, kekahi l\u0101hui i \u02bbike \u02bbia e lu\u02bbu a pi\u02bbi e \u02bbai i ka \u02bbai ne\u02bbena. Ma o ka \u02bboko\u02bba o n\u0101 \u02bbano lu\u02bbu ma n\u0101 kaiaola, a me ke \u02bbano o n\u0101 \u02bbikepili lu\u02bbu a me n\u0101 \u02bbano mea kai, ho\u02bbololi paha n\u0101 kohol\u0101 \u02bb\u0101huka iwi po\u02bbo like i ko l\u0101kou ne\u02bbena k\u016b i mea e loa\u02bba \u02bbai kekahi \u02bbano \u02bbai ma n\u0101 \u02bbano p\u014d\u02bbaiapili kaiapuni like \u02bbole.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-026-00630-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T17:17:04Z","timestamp":1772817424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ecological contexts of diving behavior in Hawaiian false killer whales"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Michaela A.","family":"Kratofil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacquelyn F.","family":"Shaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly K.","family":"Hoffbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Cantor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie C.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin W.","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"630_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1086\/282454","volume":"100","author":"RH MacArthur","year":"1966","unstructured":"MacArthur RH, Pianka ER. 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