{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:24:06Z","timestamp":1776212646658,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Otolaryngology - Head &amp; Neck Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> HPV-related head and neck cancer rates have been increasing in recent years, with the tonsils being the most commonly affected site. However, the current rate of HPV infection in the pediatric population remains poorly defined. The objective of this study was to systematically review and evaluate the prevalence and distribution of HPV in the tonsils of pediatric patients undergoing routine tonsillectomy. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> The literature was searched using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global databases (inception to December 2017) by two independent review authors. Inclusion criteria included articles which evaluated the prevalence of HPV in a pediatric cohort without known warts or recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, those which used tonsil biopsy specimens for analysis, and those with six or more subjects and clear outcomes reported. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Using the Oxford Clinical Evidence-based Medicine (OCEBM) guidelines, two reviewers appraised the level of evidence of each study, extracted data, and resolved discrepancies by consensus. The systematic review identified 11 articles ( n\u2009=\u20092520). Seven studies detected HPV in the subject population, with prevalence values ranging from 0 to 21%. The level of evidence for all included studies was OCEBM Level 3. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p> HPV may be present in pediatric tonsillectomy specimens; however, the largest included study demonstrated a prevalence of 0%. Future testing should be performed using methods with high sensitivities and specificities, such as reverse transcript real-time PCR or digital droplet PCR. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-018-0255-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]],"date-time":"2018-01-30T00:45:07Z","timestamp":1517273107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The prevalence of human papillomavirus in pediatric tonsils: A systematic review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Wojtera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, N6A 5C1, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josee","family":"Paradis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, N6A 5C1, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Victoria Hospital B3-400, 800 Commissioners Rd E, N6A 5W9, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murad","family":"Husein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, N6A 5C1, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Victoria Hospital B3-400, 800 Commissioners Rd E, N6A 5W9, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony C.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, N6A 5C1, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Victoria Hospital B3-400, 800 Commissioners Rd E, N6A 5W9, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, N6A 5C1, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Victoria Hospital B3-400, 800 Commissioners Rd E, N6A 5W9, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina I.","family":"Salvadori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, N6A 5C1, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital at London Health Sciences Centre, 800 Commissioners Rd E, N6A 5W9, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie E.","family":"Strychowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, N6A 5C1, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Victoria Hospital B3-400, 800 Commissioners Rd E, N6A 5W9, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-s40463-018-0255-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00177-0"},{"key":"bibr2-s40463-018-0255-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001622-200105000-00009"},{"key":"bibr3-s40463-018-0255-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11381"},{"key":"bibr4-s40463-018-0255-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20011201)92:11<2875::AID-CNCR10130>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"bibr5-s40463-018-0255-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.101"},{"key":"bibr6-s40463-018-0255-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6606091"},{"key":"bibr7-s40463-018-0255-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.14.1713"},{"key":"bibr8-s40463-018-0255-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.22015"},{"key":"bibr9-s40463-018-0255-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2003.008656"},{"key":"bibr10-s40463-018-0255-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djg107"},{"key":"bibr11-s40463-018-0255-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700"},{"key":"bibr12-s40463-018-0255-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-0587"},{"key":"bibr13-s40463-018-0255-1","unstructured":"IuA S, Onufrieva EK, Pogosova IE, IuV S, Diudia AV. 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