{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:20:00Z","timestamp":1759335600543,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Otolaryngology - Head &amp; Neck Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Given mounting pressure of work hour restrictions, resource constraints, and variability of clinical exposure, Otolaryngology\u2013Head &amp; Neck Surgery (OHNS) residency training has shifted away from the apprenticeship model to embrace the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada's \u201cCompetence by Design\u201d initiative. As a result, appraising both current and potential educational adjuncts has become increasingly important. In this investigation, a national needs assessment survey was performed to identify strengths, weaknesses, and future opportunities of the current training landscape. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> An online survey was distributed to all thirteen Canadian OHNS post-graduate administrators for completion by program directors and residents from February to October in 2016. Prior to distribution, the survey was vetted for face validity by a group of staff Otolaryngologists and questions were modified accordingly. Quantitative analysis was performed on SPSS (IBM Corp., Chicago) with non-parametric, two-tailed Mann-Whitney U testing performed on scaled questions. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> Of the 68 responses, 11 of 13 (84.6%) of program directors and 57 of 168 (33.9%) residents responded to the survey. All 13 programs currently utilize cadaveric laboratory dissections. Associated challenges were ranked as specimen availability, faculty participation, insufficient space, and resident time constraints. 30.8% of programs currently utilize some form of virtual reality simulator, which 90.9% of program directors felt would be a fair and effective platform for evaluation. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> A discrepancy exists between the favourable attitudes of both residents and program directors towards virtual reality simulation and its actual adoption. For successful adoption to occur, the existing barriers to unconventional training must be addressed and the tangible benefits for competency based training will need to be explored. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-018-0309-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T11:50:30Z","timestamp":1538394630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Assessing the role of virtual reality training in Canadian Otolaryngology\u2013Head &amp; Neck Residency Programs: A national survey of program directors and residents"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Justin T","family":"Lui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, RRDTC \u2013 ENT Clinic, 1820 Richmond Rd SW, T2T 5C7, Calgary, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan D","family":"Compton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, RRDTC \u2013 ENT Clinic, 1820 Richmond Rd SW, T2T 5C7, Calgary, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Won Hyung A","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6614-8516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica Y","family":"Hoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, RRDTC \u2013 ENT Clinic, 1820 Richmond Rd SW, T2T 5C7, Calgary, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-s40463-018-0309-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815584598"},{"key":"bibr2-s40463-018-0309-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812462007"},{"key":"bibr3-s40463-018-0309-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2013.11.007"},{"key":"bibr4-s40463-018-0309-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e318234c493"},{"key":"bibr5-s40463-018-0309-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599817698440"},{"key":"bibr6-s40463-018-0309-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2016.315"},{"key":"bibr7-s40463-018-0309-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2014.01.006"},{"key":"bibr8-s40463-018-0309-4","unstructured":"Registry CP-MDE. 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