{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T17:17:29Z","timestamp":1775668649223,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rhinology and Laryngology Research Fund","award":["327811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["327811"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Otolaryngology - Head &amp; Neck Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Pharyngeal arch anomalies are the second most common form of head and neck congenital defect. The second arch anomalies are the most common, and compromise 95% of cases. Little is known about the 3rd and 4th arch anomalies as they are extremely rare. They most commonly present in childhood with sudden severe left lateral neck infection and abscess formation with considerable tendency to recur, contributing to significant mortality and morbidity in those patients. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title><jats:p> Here we present four cases finally diagnosed as third or fourth pharyngeal arch anomalies, with more than 20\u2009years of follow-up following their definitive surgery. The possibility that they are thymopharyngeal duct remnants is discussed. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> Meticulous open radical surgical excision of all involved paralaryngeal, parapharyngeal and thyroid tissue, with preservation of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves, is required for cure of recurrent cases. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p> <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-020-00475-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T14:06:31Z","timestamp":1607695591000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Case report series: Revisiting third and fourth pharyngeal arch anomalies, \u2212 are they thymopharyngeal duct remnants?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"A. O.","family":"Kotwica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhinology and Laryngology Research Fund Fellow, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Rudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. J.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-s40463-020-00475-w","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31813437fc"},{"key":"bibr2-s40463-020-00475-w","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.4.5.645"},{"key":"bibr3-s40463-020-00475-w","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.147"},{"key":"bibr4-s40463-020-00475-w","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815613286"},{"key":"bibr5-s40463-020-00475-w","volume-title":"Human embryology and developmental biology","author":"Carlson BM","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr6-s40463-020-00475-w","first-page":"137","volume":"68","author":"Howard DJ","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"bibr7-s40463-020-00475-w","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21693"},{"key":"bibr8-s40463-020-00475-w","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199002000-00012"},{"key":"bibr9-s40463-020-00475-w","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.15.3017"}],"container-title":["Journal of Otolaryngology - Head &amp; Neck Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40463-020-00475-w","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40463-020-00475-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1186\/s40463-020-00475-w","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40463-020-00475-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40463-020-00475-w","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T06:33:12Z","timestamp":1741674792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s40463-020-00475-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1186\/s40463-020-00475-w"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40463-020-00475-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1916-0216","1916-0216"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1916-0216","type":"print"},{"value":"1916-0216","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"article-number":"82"}}