{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T03:10:20Z","timestamp":1782789020598,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Otolaryngology - Head &amp; Neck Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Otolaryngology\u2013head and neck surgical (OHNS) trainees\u2019 operating exposure is supplemented by a combination of didactic teaching, textbook reading, and cadaveric dissections. Conventional teaching, however, may not adequately equip trainees with an understanding of complex visuospatial relationships of the middle ear. Both face and content validation were assessed of a novel three-dimensional (3D) photorealistic virtual ear simulation tool underwent face and content validation as an educational tool for OHNS trainees. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> A three-dimensional mesh reconstruction of open access imaging was generated using geometric modeling, which underwent global illumination, subsurface scattering, and texturing to create photorealistic virtual reality (VR) ear models were created from open access imaging and comiled into a educational platform. This was compiled into an educational VR platform which was explored to validate the face and content validity questionnaires in a prospective manner. OHNS post-graduate trainees were recruited from University of Toronto and University of Calgary OHNS programs. Participation was on a voluntary basis. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> Total of 23 OHNS post-graduate trainees from the two universities were included in this study. The mean comfort level of otologic anatomy was rated 4.8 (\u00b1\u20092.2) out of 10. Senior residents possessed more otologic surgical experience ( P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and higher average comfort when compared to junior residents [6.7 (\u00b1\u20090.7) vs. 3.6 (\u00b1\u20091.9); P\u2009=\u20090.001]. Face and content validities were achieved in all respective domains with no significant difference between the two groups. Overall, respondents believed OtoVIS was a useful tool to learn otologic anatomy with a median score of 10.0 (8.3\u201310.0) and strongly agreed that OtoVIS should be added to OHNS training with a score of 10.0 (9.3\u201310.0). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p> OtoVIS achieved both face and content validity as a photorealistic VR otologic simulator for teaching otologic anatomy in the postgraduate setting. As an immersive learning tool, it may supplement trainees\u2019 understanding and residents endorsed its use. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p> <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-022-00614-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T18:03:00Z","timestamp":1677088980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Examining the utility of a photorealistic virtual ear in otologic education"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Dongho","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur V.","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohlson Research Initiative, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella R. 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