{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:04:07Z","timestamp":1793833447381,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003000","name":"Stichting MS Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["14-878MS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-878MS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MSCA-ITN-2015 675619 BtRAIN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSCA-ITN-2015 675619 BtRAIN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["acta neuropathol commun"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The choroid plexus (CP) is strategically located between the peripheral blood and the cerebrospinal fluid, and is involved in the regulation of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. In multiple sclerosis (MS), demyelination and inflammation occur in the CNS. While experimental animal models of MS pointed to the CP as a key route for immune cell invasion of the CNS, little is known about the distribution of immune cells in the human CP during progressive phases of MS. Here, we use immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy to explore the main immune cell populations in the CP of progressive MS patients and non-neuroinflammatory controls, in terms of abundance and location within the distinct CP compartments. We show for the first time that the CP stromal density of granulocytes and CD8+ T cells is higher in progressive MS patients compared to controls. In line with previous studies, the CP of both controls and progressive MS patients contains relatively high numbers of macrophages and dendritic cells. Moreover, we found virtually no B cells or plasma cells in the CP. MHCII+ antigen-presenting cells were often found in close proximity to T cells, suggesting constitutive CNS immune monitoring functions of the CP. Together, our data highlights the role of the CP in immune homeostasis and indicates the occurrence of mild inflammatory processes in the CP of progressive MS patients. However, our findings suggest that the CP is only marginally involved in immune cell migration into the CNS in chronic MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-0885-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T16:03:42Z","timestamp":1580745822000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Inflammation of the choroid plexus in progressive multiple sclerosis: accumulation of granulocytes and T cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sabela","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lorenzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Konings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"van der Pol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alwin","family":"Kamermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Amor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"van Horssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten E.","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gijs","family":"Kooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7904-7124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helga E.","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"885_CR1","first-page":"36","volume":"11","author":"MD Abr\u00e0moff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abr\u00e0moff MD, Magalh\u00e3es PJ, Ram SJ (2004) Image processing with ImageJ. Biophotonics Int 11:36\u201342","journal-title":"Biophotonics Int"},{"key":"885_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400401","volume":"193","author":"B Aube","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aube B, Levesque SA, Pare A, Chamma E, Kebir H, Gorina R, Lecuyer MA, Alvarez JI, De Koninck Y, Engelhardt B, Prat A, Cote D, Lacroix S (2014) Neutrophils mediate blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in demyelinating neuroinflammatory diseases. J Immunol 193:2438\u20132454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1400401","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"885_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510x(83)90201-0","volume":"62","author":"J Booss","year":"1983","unstructured":"Booss J, Esiri MM, Tourtellotte WW, Mason DY (1983) Immunohistological analysis of T lymphocyte subsets in the central nervous system in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 62:219\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-510x(83)90201-0","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"885_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-5728(02)00172-8","volume":"129","author":"MD Carrithers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carrithers MD, Visintin I, Viret C, Janeway CS Jr (2002) Role of genetic background in P selectin-dependent immune surveillance of the central nervous system. J Neuroimmunol 129:51\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0165-5728(02)00172-8","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"885_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.11.2169","volume":"124","author":"S Cepok","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cepok S, Jacobsen M, Schock S, Omer B, Jaekel S, Boddeker I, Oertel WH, Sommer N, Hemmer B (2001) Patterns of cerebrospinal fluid pathology correlate with disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Brain 124:2169\u20132176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/124.11.2169","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"885_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws189","volume":"135","author":"SR Choi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Choi SR, Howell OW, Carassiti D, Magliozzi R, Gveric D, Muraro PA, Nicholas R, Roncaroli F, Reynolds R (2012) Meningeal inflammation plays a role in the pathology of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 135:2925\u20132937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/aws189","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"885_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.06.029","volume":"180","author":"AH Cross","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cross AH, Stark JL, Lauber J, Ramsbottom MJ, Lyons JA (2006) Rituximab reduces B cells and T cells in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 180:63\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.06.029","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"885_CR8","first-page":"1016","volume":"66","author":"MM del Pilar","year":"2009","unstructured":"del Pilar MM, Cravens PD, Winger R, Kieseier BC, Cepok S, Eagar TN, Zamvil SS, Weber MS, Frohman EM, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK (2009) Depletion of B lymphocytes from cerebral perivascular spaces by rituximab. Arch Neurol 66:1016\u20131020","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"885_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000094","volume":"27","author":"R Dutta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dutta R, Trapp BD (2014) Relapsing and progressive forms of multiple sclerosis: insights from pathology. Curr Opin Neurol 27:271\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000094","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"885_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302884","volume":"192","author":"S Han","year":"2014","unstructured":"Han S, Lin YC, Wu T, Salgado AD, Mexhitaj I, Wuest SC, Romm E, Ohayon J, Goldbach-Mansky R, Vanderver A, Marques A, Toro C, Williamson P, Cortese I, Bielekova B (2014) Comprehensive immunophenotyping of cerebrospinal fluid cells in patients with neuroimmunological diseases. J Immunol 192:2551\u20132563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1302884","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"885_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/s0046-8177(98)90395-1","volume":"29","author":"A Hanly","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hanly A, Petito CK (1998) HLA-DR-positive dendritic cells of the normal human choroid plexus: a potential reservoir of HIV in the central nervous system. Hum Pathol 29:88\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0046-8177(98)90395-1","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"885_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003321","volume":"3","author":"E Hatterer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hatterer E, Touret M, Belin MF, Honnorat J, Nataf S (2008) Cerebrospinal fluid dendritic cells infiltrate the brain parenchyma and target the cervical lymph nodes under neuroinflammatory conditions. PLoS One 3:e3321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0003321","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"885_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383","volume":"358","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, Vollmer T, Antel J, Fox RJ, Bar-Or A, Panzara M, Sarkar N, Agarwal S, Langer-Gould A, Smith CH, Group HT (2008) B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 358:676\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"885_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1126\/science.256.5060.1213","volume":"256","author":"H Jiang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jiang H, Zhang SI, Pernis B (1992) Role of CD8+ T cells in murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Science 256:1213\u20131215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.256.5060.1213","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"885_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(07)79004-9","volume":"79","author":"AJ Johnson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Johnson AJ, Suidan GL, McDole J, Pirko I (2007) The CD8 T cell in multiple sclerosis: suppressor cell or mediator of neuropathology? Int Rev Neurobiol 79:73\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0074-7742(07)79004-9","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"885_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8389","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1433000100","volume":"100","author":"P Kivisakk","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kivisakk P, Mahad DJ, Callahan MK, Trebst C, Tucky B, Wei T, Wu L, Baekkevold ES, Lassmann H, Staugaitis SM, Campbell JJ, Ransohoff RM (2003) Human cerebrospinal fluid central memory CD4+ T cells: evidence for trafficking through choroid plexus and meninges via P-selectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:8389\u20138394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1433000100","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"885_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4610","volume":"20","author":"B Korin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Korin B, Ben-Shaanan TL, Schiller M, Dubovik T, Azulay-Debby H, Boshnak NT, Koren T, Rolls A (2017) High-dimensional, single-cell characterization of the brain's immune compartment. Nat Neurosci 20:1300\u20131309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.4610","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"885_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12147","volume":"79","author":"M Kostic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kostic M, Dzopalic T, Zivanovic S, Zivkovic N, Cvetanovic A, Stojanovic I, Vojinovic S, Marjanovic G, Savic V, Colic M (2014) IL-17 and glutamate excitotoxicity in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Scand J Immunol 79:181\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sji.12147","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"885_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2007.00064.x","volume":"17","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lassmann H, Bruck W, Lucchinetti CF (2007) The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: an overview. Brain Pathol 17:210\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2007.00064.x","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"885_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.168","volume":"8","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lassmann H, van Horssen J, Mahad D (2012) Progressive multiple sclerosis: pathology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Neurol 8:647\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.168","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"885_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1818-y","volume":"135","author":"S Luchetti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luchetti S, Fransen NL, van Eden CG, Ramaglia V, Mason M, Huitinga I (2018) Progressive multiple sclerosis patients show substantial lesion activity that correlates with clinical disease severity and sex: a retrospective autopsy cohort analysis. Acta Neuropathol 135:511\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-018-1818-y","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"885_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm038","volume":"130","author":"R Magliozzi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Magliozzi R, Howell O, Vora A, Serafini B, Nicholas R, Puopolo M, Reynolds R, Aloisi F (2007) Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology. Brain 130:1089\u20131104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awm038","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"885_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1716","volume":"10","author":"A Reboldi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reboldi A, Coisne C, Baumjohann D, Benvenuto F, Bottinelli D, Lira S, Uccelli A, Lanzavecchia A, Engelhardt B, Sallusto F (2009) C-C chemokine receptor 6-regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE. Nat Immunol 10:514\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni.1716","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"885_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401483","volume":"378","author":"DS Reich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reich DS, Lucchinetti CF, Calabresi PA (2018) Multiple Sclerosis. N Engl J Med 378:169\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1401483","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"885_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0233-2","volume":"20","author":"JJ Sabatino Jr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sabatino JJ Jr, Probstel AK, Zamvil SS (2019) B cells in autoimmune and neurodegenerative central nervous system diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 20:728\u2013745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-019-0233-2","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"885_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00049.x","volume":"14","author":"B Serafini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Magliozzi R, Stigliano E, Aloisi F (2004) Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 14:164\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00049.x","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"885_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199705260-00039","volume":"8","author":"JM Serot","year":"1997","unstructured":"Serot JM, Foliguet B, Bene MC, Faure GC (1997) Ultrastructural and immunohistological evidence for dendritic-like cells within human choroid plexus epithelium. Neuroreport 8:1995\u20131998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001756-199705260-00039","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"885_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01066","volume":"9","author":"I Strominger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Strominger I, Elyahu Y, Berner O, Reckhow J, Mittal K, Nemirovsky A, Monsonego A (2018) The choroid plexus functions as a niche for T-cell stimulation within the central nervous system. Front Immunol 9:1066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01066","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"885_CR29","volume-title":"RStudio: integrated development for R","author":"Team R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Team R (2015) RStudio: integrated development for R. RStudio, Inc, Boston URL http:\/\/www.rstudio.com. 42:14"},{"key":"885_CR30","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical com-puting","author":"Team RC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Team RC (2017) R: a language and environment for statistical com-puting. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna"},{"key":"885_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7119","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.11.7119","volume":"176","author":"DK Tennakoon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tennakoon DK, Mehta RS, Ortega SB, Bhoj V, Racke MK, Karandikar NJ (2006) Therapeutic induction of regulatory, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 176:7119\u20137129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.176.11.7119","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"885_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.04.035","volume":"199","author":"M Vercellino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vercellino M, Votta B, Condello C, Piacentino C, Romagnolo A, Merola A, Capello E, Mancardi GL, Mutani R, Giordana MT, Cavalla P (2008) Involvement of the choroid plexus in multiple sclerosis autoimmune inflammation: a neuropathological study. J Neuroimmunol 199:133\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.04.035","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"885_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120511","volume":"7","author":"Tonia Woodberry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Woodberry T, Bouffler SE, Wilson AS, Buckland RL, Brustle A (2018) The emerging role of neutrophil granulocytes in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Med 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm7120511","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"885_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5124","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.8.5124","volume":"174","author":"SP Zehntner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zehntner SP, Brickman C, Bourbonniere L, Remington L, Caruso M, Owens T (2005) Neutrophils that infiltrate the central nervous system regulate T cell responses. J Immunol 174:5124\u20135131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.174.8.5124","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-00899-5","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582675200000}}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropathologica Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40478-020-0885-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40478-020-0885-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40478-020-0885-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T02:21:31Z","timestamp":1612232491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40478-020-0885-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-020-0885-1","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1186\/s40478-020-00899-5","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2051-5960"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-5960","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2020","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original publication of this article [1] contained an incorrect author name. The correct and incorrect information is shown in this correction article. The original article has been updated.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Tissue samples and associated clinical and neuropathological data were supplied by the Netherlands Brain Bank and the Multiple Sclerosis Society Tissue Bank, funded by the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, registered charity 207495. All patients and controls, or their next of kin, had given informed consent for autopsy and use of their brain tissue for research purposes.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9"}}