{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:20:46Z","timestamp":1792059646237,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]],"date-time":"2022-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659744000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]],"date-time":"2022-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21-646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Health Education Trust","award":["3715760"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3715760"]}]},{"name":"PG & WN Gillespie Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["acta neuropathol commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with repetitive head trauma and is characterised by the perivascular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) in the depths of cortical sulci. CTE can only be diagnosed postmortem and the cellular mechanisms of disease causation remain to be elucidated. Understanding the full scope of the pathological changes currently identified in CTE is necessary to identify areas requiring further research. This systematic review summarises the current literature on CTE pathology from postmortem human tissue histology studies published until 31 December 2021. Publications were included if they quantitively or qualitatively compared postmortem human tissue pathology in CTE to neuropathologically normal cases or other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Pathological entities investigated included p-tau, beta-amyloid, TDP-43, Lewy bodies, astrogliosis, microgliosis, axonopathy, vascular dysfunction, and cell stress. Of these pathologies, p-tau was the most frequently investigated, with limited reports on other pathological features such as vascular dysfunction, astrogliosis, and microgliosis. Consistent increases in p-tau, TDP-43, microgliosis, axonopathy, and cell stress were reported in CTE cases compared to neuropathologically normal cases. However, there was no clear consensus on how these pathologies compared to AD. The CTE cases used for these studies were predominantly from the VA-BU-CLF brain bank, with American football and boxing as the most frequent sources of repetitive head injury exposure. Overall, this systematic review highlights gaps in the literature and proposes three priorities for future research including: 1. The need for studies of CTE cases with more diverse head injury exposure profiles to understand the consistency of pathology changes between different populations. 2. The need for more studies that compare CTE with normal ageing and AD to further clarify the pathological signature of CTE for diagnostic purposes and to understand the disease process. 3. Further research on non-aggregate pathologies in CTE, such as vascular dysfunction and neuroinflammation. These are some of the least investigated features of CTE pathology despite being implicated in the acute phase response following traumatic head injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01413-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]],"date-time":"2022-08-06T02:03:52Z","timestamp":1659751432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Neuropathology in chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a systematic review of comparative post-mortem histology literature"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8707-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen C.","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsie","family":"Osterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paige","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Vinnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice A.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1413_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.5.600","volume":"52","author":"CWM Adams","year":"1989","unstructured":"Adams CWM, Bruton CJ (1989) The cerebral vasculature in dementia pugilistica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52:600\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.52.5.600","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1413_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nly065","volume":"77","author":"JW Adams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adams JW, Alvarez VE, Mez J, Huber BR, Tripodis Y, Xia W, Meng G, Kubilus CA, Cormier K, Kiernan PT, Daneshvar DH, Chua AS, Svirsky S, Nicks R, Abdolmohammadi B, Evers L, Solomon TM, Cherry JD, Aytan N, Mahar I, Devine S, Auerbach S, Alosco ML, Nowinski CJ, Kowall NW, Goldstein LE, Dwyer B, Katz DI, Cantu RC, Stern RA, Au R, McKee AC, Stein TD (2018) Lewy body pathology and chronic traumatic encephalopathy associated with contact sports. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 77:757\u2013768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/nly065","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2244","volume":"76","author":"ML Alosco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alosco ML, Stein TD, Tripodis Y, Chua AS, Kowall NW, Huber BR, Goldstein LE, Cantu RC, Katz DI, Palmisano JN, Martin B, Cherry JD, Mahar I, Killiany RJ, McClean MD, Au R, Alvarez V, Stern RA, Mez J, McKee AC (2019) Association of white matter rarefaction, arteriolosclerosis, and tau with dementia in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. JAMA Neurol 76:1298\u20131308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2244","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1413_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S40478-022-01353-4","volume":"10","author":"KE Ameen-Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ameen-Ali KE, Bretzin A, Lee EB, Folkerth R, Hazrati L-N, Iacono D, Keene CD, Kofler J, Kovacs GG, Nolan A, Perl DP, Priemer DS, Smith DH, Wiebe DJ, Stewart W, Al-Sarraj S, Cortes E, Crary J, Dams-O\u2019Connor K, Diaz-Arrastia R, Doll\u00e9 J-P, Edlow B, Fischl B, Hinds CS, Johnson VE, Manley G, Meaney D, Okonkwo D, Schneider ALC, Schneider J, Troakes C, Trojanowski JQ, van der Kouwe A, Yaffe K (2022) Detection of astrocytic tau pathology facilitates recognition of chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathologic change. Acta Neuropathol Commun 10(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S40478-022-01353-4","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1413_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.67587","author":"EN Anderson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anderson EN, Morera AA, Kour S, Cherry JD, Ramesh N, Gleixner A, Schwartz JC, Ebmeier C, Old W, Donnelly CJ, Cheng JP, Kline AE, Kofler J, Stein TD, Pandey UB (2021) Traumatic injury compromises nucleocytoplasmic transport and leads to TDP-43 pathology. Elife. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.67587","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1413_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcaa210","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa210","volume":"2","author":"JD Arena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arena JD, Johnson VE, Lee EB, Gibbons GS, Smith DH, Trojanowski JQ, Stewart W (2020) Astroglial tau pathology alone preferentially concentrates at sulcal depths in chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathologic change. Brain Commun 2:fcaa210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa210","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"1413_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa071","volume":"143","author":"JD Arena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arena JD, Smith DH, Lee EB, Gibbons GS, Irwin DJ, Robinson JL, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Stewart W, Johnson VE (2020) Tau immunophenotypes in chronic traumatic encephalopathy recapitulate those of ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain 143:1572\u20131587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa071","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1413_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2018.80860","volume":"56","author":"RA Armstrong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Armstrong RA (2018) A comparison of the spatial patterns of \u03b2-amyloid (A\u03b2) deposits in five neurodegenerative disorders. Folia Neuropathol 56:284\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/fn.2018.80860","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol"},{"key":"1413_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5114\/FN.2020.94001","volume":"58","author":"RA Armstrong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Armstrong RA (2020) Cortical laminar distribution of \u03b2-amyloid deposits in five neurodegenerative disorders. Folia Neuropathol 58:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/FN.2020.94001","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol"},{"key":"1413_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1635-1","volume":"124","author":"RA Armstrong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Armstrong RA, McKee AC, Alvarez VE, Cairns NJ (2017) Clustering of tau-immunoreactive pathology in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. J Neural Transm 124:185\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-016-1635-1","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"1413_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000911","volume":"94","author":"RA Armstrong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Armstrong RA, McKee AC, Cairns NJ (2017) Pathology of the superior colliculus in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Optom Vis Sci 94:33\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000911","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"1413_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/NAN.12323","volume":"43","author":"RA Armstrong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Armstrong RA, McKee AC, Stein TD, Alvarez VE, Cairns NJ (2017) A quantitative study of tau pathology in 11 cases of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 43:154\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/NAN.12323","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"1413_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3686-6","volume":"40","author":"RA Armstrong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Armstrong RA, McKee AC, Stein TD, Alvarez VE, Cairns NJ (2019) Cortical degeneration in chronic traumatic encephalopathy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease neuropathologic change. Neurol Sci 40:529\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-018-3686-6","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1413_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2872-13.2014","volume":"34","author":"G Begum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Begum G, Yan HQ, Li L, Singh A, Edward Dixon C, Sun D (2014) Docosahexaenoic acid reduces ER stress and abnormal protein accumulation and improves neuronal function following traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci 34:3743\u20133755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2872-13.2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1413_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2019.28.3.362","volume":"28","author":"B Bi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bi B, Choi HP, Hyeon SJ, Sun S, Su N, Liu Y, Lee J, Kowall NW, McKee AC, Yang JH, Ryu H (2019) Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals impaired axonal guidance signaling in human postmortem brain tissues of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Exp Neurobiol 28:362\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5607\/en.2019.28.3.362","journal-title":"Exp Neurobiol"},{"key":"1413_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlab001","volume":"80","author":"KF Bieniek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bieniek KF, Cairns NJ, Crary JF, Dickson DW, Folkerth RD, Keene CD, Litvan I, Perl DP, Stein TD, Vonsattel JP, Stewart W, Dams-O\u2019Connor K, Gordon WA, Tripodis Y, Alvarez VE, Mez J, Alosco ML, McKee AC (2021) The second NINDS\/NIBIB consensus meeting to define neuropathological criteria for the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 80:210\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/nlab001","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEURON.2012.11.021","volume":"76","author":"K Blennow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blennow K, Hardy J, Zetterberg H (2012) The neuropathology and neurobiology of traumatic brain injury. Neuron 76:886\u2013899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEURON.2012.11.021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1413_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/ANA.23937","volume":"74","author":"J Brettschneider","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brettschneider J, del Tredici K, Toledo JB, Robinson JL, Irwin DJ, Grossman M, Suh E, van Deerlin VM, Wood EM, Baek Y, Kwong L, Lee EB, Elman L, McCluskey L, Fang L, Feldengut S, Ludolph AC, Lee VMY, Braak H, Trojanowski JQ (2013) Stages of pTDP-43 pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 74:20\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ANA.23937","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00294173","volume":"87","author":"L Bu\u00e9e","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bu\u00e9e L, Hof PR, Bouras C, Delacourte A, Perl DP, Morrison JH, Fillit HM (1994) Pathological alterations of the cerebral microvasculature in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementing disorders. Acta Neuropathol 87:469\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00294173","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1413_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713622","volume":"40","author":"RC Cantu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cantu RC, Bernick C (2020) History of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Semin Neurol 40:353\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1713622","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02322-2","volume":"142","author":"KB Chancellor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chancellor KB, Chancellor SE, Duke-Cohan JE, Huber BR, Stein TD, Alvarez VE, Okaty BW, Dymecki SM, McKee AC (2021) Altered oligodendroglia and astroglia in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol 142:295\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-021-02322-2","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1413_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713620","volume":"40","author":"JD Cherry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cherry JD, Babcock KJ, Goldstein LE (2020) Repetitive head trauma induces chronic traumatic encephalopathy by multiple mechanisms. Semin Neurol 40:430\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1713620","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-021-01189-4","author":"JD Cherry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cherry JD, Esnault CD, Baucom ZH, Tripodis Y, Huber BR, Alvarez VE, Stein TD, Dickson DW, McKee AC (2021) Tau isoforms are differentially expressed across the hippocampus in chronic traumatic encephalopathy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-021-01189-4","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1413_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12867","volume":"30","author":"JD Cherry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cherry JD, Kim SH, Stein TD, Pothast MJ, Nicks R, Meng G, Huber BR, Mez J, Alosco ML, Tripodis Y, Farrell K, Alvarez VE, McKee AC, Crary JF (2020) Evolution of neuronal and glial tau isoforms in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Brain Pathol 30:913\u2013925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bpa.12867","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"1413_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02036-4","author":"JD Cherry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cherry JD, Meng G, Daley S, Xia W, Svirsky S, Alvarez VE, Nicks R, Pothast M, Kelley H, Huber B, Tripodis Y, Alosco ML, Mez J, McKee AC, Stein TD (2020) CCL2 is associated with microglia and macrophage recruitment in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. J Neuroinflamm. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-020-02036-4","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"1413_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0382-8","volume":"4","author":"JD Cherry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cherry JD, Tripodis Y, Alvarez VE, Huber B, Kiernan PT, Daneshvar DH, Mez J, Montenigro PH, Solomon TM, Alosco ML, Stern RA, McKee AC, Stein TD (2016) Microglial neuroinflammation contributes to tau accumulation in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 4:112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-016-0382-8","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1413_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlx100","volume":"77","author":"JD Cherry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cherry JD, Zeineddin A, Dammer EB, Webster JA, Duong D, Seyfried NT, Levey AI, Alvarez VE, Huber BR, Stein TD, Kiernan PT, McKee AC, Lah JJ, Hales CM (2018) Characterization of detergent insoluble proteome in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 77:40\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/nlx100","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.01.019","volume":"187","author":"B Combs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Combs B, Kanaan NM (2017) Exposure of the amino terminus of tau is a pathological event in multiple tauopathies. Am J Pathol 187:1222\u20131229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.01.019","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"1413_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700049588","volume":"3","author":"JAN Corsellis","year":"1973","unstructured":"Corsellis JAN, Bruton CJ, Freeman-Browne D (1973) The aftermath of boxing. Psychol Med 3:270\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291700049588","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1413_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.2.116","volume":"54","author":"GE Dale","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dale GE, Leigh PN, Luthert P, Anderton BH, Roberts GW (1991) Neurofibrillary tangles in dementia pugilistica are ubiquitinated. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54:116\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.54.2.116","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1413_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlab015","volume":"80","author":"T Danielsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Danielsen T, Hauch C, Kelly L, White CL (2021) Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)-type neuropathology in a young victim of domestic abuse. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 80:624\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/nlab015","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0333-5","volume":"14","author":"MA Deture","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deture MA, Dickson DW (2019) The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Neurodegener 14:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13024-019-0333-5","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"3","key":"1413_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00783-4","volume":"24","author":"C Escartin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Escartin C, Galea E, Lakatos A, O\u2019Callaghan JP, Petzold GC, Serrano-Pozo A, Steinh\u00e4user C, Volterra A, Carmignoto G, Agarwal A, Allen NJ, Araque A, Barbeito L, Barzilai A, Bergles DE, Bonvento G, Butt AM, Chen WT, Cohen-Salmon M, Cunningham C, Deneen B, de Strooper B, D\u00edaz-Castro B, Farina C, Freeman M, Gallo V, Goldman JE, Goldman SA, G\u00f6tz M, Guti\u00e9rrez A, Haydon PG, Heiland DH, Hol EM, Holt MG, Iino M, Kastanenka KV, Kettenmann H, Khakh BS, Koizumi S, Lee CJ, Liddelow SA, MacVicar BA, Magistretti P, Messing A, Mishra A, Molofsky AV, Murai KK, Norris CM, Okada S, Oliet SHR, Oliveira JF, Panatier A, Parpura V, Pekna M, Pekny M, Pellerin L, Perea G, P\u00e9rez-Nievas BG, Pfrieger FW, Poskanzer KE, Quintana FJ, Ransohoff RM, Riquelme-Perez M, Robel S, Rose CR, Rothstein JD, Rouach N, Rowitch DH, Semyanov A, Sirko S, Sontheimer H, Swanson RA, Vitorica J, Wanner IB, Wood LB, Wu J, Zheng B, Zimmer ER, Zorec R, Sofroniew MV, Verkhratsky A (2021) Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions. Nat Neurosci 24(3):312\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-020-00783-4","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1413_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fann JR, Ribe AR, Pedersen HS, Fenger-Gr\u00f8n M, Christensen J, Benros ME, Vestergaard M (2018) Long-term risk of dementia among people with traumatic brain injury in Denmark: a population-based observational cohort study. www.thelancet.com\/psychiatry 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30065-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30065-8"},{"key":"1413_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092646","volume":"48","author":"A Gardner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gardner A, Iverson GL, McCrory P (2014) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in sport: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 48:84\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092646","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"1413_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010051066","volume":"98","author":"JF Geddes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Geddes JF, Vowles GH, Nicoll JAR, R\u00e9v\u00e9sz T (1999) Neuronal cytoskeletal changes are an early consequence of repetitive head injury. Acta Neuropathol 98:171\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004010051066","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1413_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003716","author":"LE Goldstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goldstein LE, Fisher AM, Tagge CA, Zhang XL, Velisek L, Sullivan JA, Upreti C, Kracht JM, Ericsson M, Wojnarowicz MW, Goletiani CJ, Maglakelidze GM, Casey N, Moncaster JA, Minaeva O, Moir RD, Nowinski CJ, Stern RA, Cantu RC, Geiling J, Blusztajn JK, Wolozin BL, Ikezu T, Stein TD, Budson AE, Kowall NW, Chargin D, Sharon A, Saman S, Hall GF, Moss WC, Cleveland RO, Tanzi RE, Stanton PK, McKee AC (2012) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in blast-exposed military veterans and a blast neurotrauma mouse model. Sci Transl Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003716","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"1413_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38266-7_8\/TABLES\/1","volume":"1233","author":"LD Harris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harris LD, Jasem S, Licchesi JDF (2020) The ubiquitin system in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 1233:195\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-38266-7_8\/TABLES\/1","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"1413_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV-PATHOL-012615-044116","volume":"11","author":"J Hay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hay J, Johnson VE, Smith DH, Stewart W (2016) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: the neuropathological legacy of traumatic brain injury. Annu Rev Pathol 11:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/ANNUREV-PATHOL-012615-044116","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"1413_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hof PR, Bouras C, Bu~e L, Delacourte A, Perp DP, Morrison JH (1992) Differential distribution of neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex of dementia pugilistica and Alzheimer\u2019s disease cases*","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00304630"},{"key":"1413_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080814","volume":"174","author":"JJM Hoozemans","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hoozemans JJM, van Haastert ES, Nijholt DAT, Rozemuller AJM, Eikelenboom P, Scheper W (2009) The unfolded protein response is activated in pretangle neurons in Alzheimer\u2019s disease hippocampus. Am J Pathol 174:1241\u20131251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080814","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"1413_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-005-1038-0","volume":"110","author":"JJM Hoozemans","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hoozemans JJM, Veerhuis R, van Haastert ES, Rozemuller JM, Baas F, Eikelenboom P, Scheper W (2005) The unfolded protein response is activated in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol 110:165\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-005-1038-0","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1413_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.246","volume":"23","author":"KE Hopperton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hopperton KE, Mohammad D, Tr\u00e9panier MO, Giuliano V, Bazinet RP (2018) Markers of microglia in post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review. Mol Psychiatry 23:177\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2017.246","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1413_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1902-3","volume":"136","author":"ET Hsu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hsu ET, Gangolli M, Su S, Holleran L, Stein TD, Alvarez VE, McKee AC, Schmidt RE, Brody DL (2018) Astrocytic degeneration in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol 136:955\u2013972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-018-1902-3","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1413_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16180","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3020-14.2014","volume":"34","author":"JJ Iliff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Chen MJ, Plog BA, Zeppenfeld DM, Soltero M, Yang L, Singh I, Deane R, Nedergaard M (2014) Impairment of glymphatic pathway function promotes tau pathology after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci 34:16180\u201316193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3020-14.2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1413_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlv001","volume":"75","author":"NM Kanaan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kanaan NM, Cox K, Alvarez VE, Stein TD, Poncil S, McKee AC (2016) Characterization of early pathological tau conformations and phosphorylation in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 75:19\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/nlv001","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2004-6604","volume":"6","author":"ML Kashon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kashon ML, Ross GW, O\u2019Callaghan JP, Miller DB, Petrovitch H, Burchfiel CM, Sharp DS, Markesbery WR, Davis DG, Hardman J, Nelson J, White LR (2004) Associations of cortical astrogliosis with cognitive performance and dementia status. J Alzheimers Dis 6:595\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-2004-6604","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"1413_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02373-5","volume":"142","author":"SK Kaufman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaufman SK, Svirsky S, Cherry JD, McKee AC, Diamond MI (2021) Tau seeding in chronic traumatic encephalopathy parallels disease severity. Acta Neuropathol 142:951\u2013960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-021-02373-5","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1413_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2009.01085.x","volume":"30","author":"A King","year":"2010","unstructured":"King A, Sweeney F, Bodi I, Troakes C, Maekawa S, Al-Sarraj S (2010) Abnormal TDP-43 expression is identified in the neocortex in cases of dementia pugilistica, but is mainly confined to the limbic system when identified in high and moderate stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuropathology 30:408\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2009.01085.x","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"1413_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14658","volume":"523","author":"A Kondo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kondo A, Shahpasand K, Mannix R, Qiu J, Moncaster J, Chen CH, Yao Y, Lin YM, Driver JA, Sun Y, Wei S, Luo ML, Albayram O, Huang P, Rotenberg A, Ryo A, Goldstein LE, Pascual-Leone A, McKee AC, Meehan W, Zhou XZ, Lu KP (2015) Antibody against early driver of neurodegeneration cis P-tau blocks brain injury and tauopathy. Nature 523:431\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature14658","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1413_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1471-4159.2003.02141.X","volume":"88","author":"SF Larner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Larner SF, Hayes RL, McKinsey DM, Pike BR, Wang KKW (2004) Increased expression and processing of caspase-12 after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurochem 88:78\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/J.1471-4159.2003.02141.X","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"1413_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02030-y","volume":"138","author":"EB Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee EB, Kinch K, Johnson VE, Trojanowski JQ, Smith DH, Stewart W (2019) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a common co-morbidity, but less frequent primary dementia in former soccer and rugby players. Acta Neuropathol 138:389\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-019-02030-y","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1413_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","volume":"17","author":"F Leng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leng F, Edison P (2020) Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here? Nat Rev Neurol 17(3):157\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.3.JNS141802","volume":"124","author":"BP Lucke-Wold","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lucke-Wold BP, Turner RC, Logsdon AF, Nguyen L, Bailes JE, Lee JM, Robson MJ, Omalu BI, Huber JD, Rosen CL (2016) Endoplasmic reticulum stress implicated in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. J Neurosurg 124:687\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.3.JNS141802","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1413_CR55","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"DMA Mann","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mann DMA, Yates PO, Hawkes J (1983) The pathology of the human locus ceruleus. Clin Neuropathol 2:1\u20137","journal-title":"Clin Neuropathol"},{"key":"1413_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1928.02700150029009","volume":"91","author":"HS Martland","year":"1928","unstructured":"Martland HS (1928) Punch drunk. J Am Med Assoc 91:1103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1928.02700150029009","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"1413_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713632","volume":"40","author":"AC McKee","year":"2020","unstructured":"McKee AC (2020) The neuropathology of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: the status of the literature. Semin Neurol 40:359\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1713632","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1515-z","volume":"131","author":"AC McKee","year":"2016","unstructured":"McKee AC, Cairns NJ, Dickson DW, Folkerth RD, Dirk Keene C, Litvan I, Perl DP, Stein TD, Vonsattel JP, Stewart W, Tripodis Y, Crary JF, Bieniek KF, Dams-O\u2019Connor K, Alvarez VE, Gordon WA (2016) The first NINDS\/NIBIB consensus meeting to define neuropathological criteria for the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol 131:75\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-015-1515-z","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1413_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181ee7d85","volume":"69","author":"AC McKee","year":"2010","unstructured":"McKee AC, Gavett BE, Stern RA, Nowinski CJ, Cantu RC, Kowall NW, Perl DP, Hedley-Whyte ET, Price B, Sullivan C, Morin P, Lee HS, Kubilus CA, Daneshvar DH, Wulff M, Budson AE (2010) TDP-43 proteinopathy and motor neuron disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 69:918\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181ee7d85","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws307","volume":"136","author":"AC McKee","year":"2013","unstructured":"McKee AC, Stein TD, Nowinski CJ, Stern RA, Daneshvar DH, Alvarez VE, Lee H-S, Hall G, Wojtowicz SM, Baugh CM, Riley DO, Kubilus CA, Cormier KA, Jacobs MA, Martin BR, Abraham CR, Ikezu T, Reichard RR, Wolozin BL, Budson AE, Goldstein LE, Kowall NW, Cantu RC (2013) The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Brain 136:43\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/aws307","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1413_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1006\/neur.1996.0034","volume":"5","author":"JE McKenzie","year":"1996","unstructured":"McKenzie JE, Roberts GW, Royston MC (1996) Comparative investigation of neurofibrillary damage in the temporal lobe in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Down\u2019s syndrome and dementia pugilistica. Neurodegeneration 5:259\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/neur.1996.0034","journal-title":"Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"1413_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12338","volume":"17","author":"J Mez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mez J, Alosco ML, Daneshvar DH, Saltiel N, Baucom Z, Abdolmohammadi B, Uretsky M, Nicks R, Martin BM, Palmisano JN, Nowinski CJ, Montenigro P, Solomon TM, Mahar I, Cherry JD, Alvarez VE, Dwyer B, Goldstein LE, Katz DI, Cantu RC, Kowall NW, Tripodis Y, Huber BR, Stein TD, Stern RA, McKee AC (2021) Validity of the 2014 traumatic encephalopathy syndrome criteria for CTE pathology. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement 17:1709\u20131724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.12338","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"},{"key":"1413_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirra S, Heyman A, McKeel D, Sumi S, Crain B, Brownlee L, Vogel F, Hughes J, van Belle G, Berg L (1991) The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (CERAD). Part 11. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.4.479"},{"key":"1413_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0910-3","volume":"123","author":"TJ Montine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Montine TJ, Phelps CH, Beach TG, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Dickson DW, Duyckaerts C, Frosch MP, Masliah E, Mirra SS, Nelson PT, Schneider JA, Thal DR, Trojanowski JQ, Vinters HV, Hyman BT, National Institute on Aging, Alzheimer\u2019s Association (2012) National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a practical approach. Acta Neuropathol 123:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-011-0910-3","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1413_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11058","volume":"485","author":"JA Moreno","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moreno JA, Radford H, Peretti D, Steinert JR, Verity N, Martin MG, Halliday M, Morgan J, Dinsdale D, Ortori CA, Barrett DA, Tsaytler P, Bertolotti A, Willis AE, Bushell M, Mallucci GR (2012) Sustained translational repression by eIF2\u03b1-P mediates prion neurodegeneration. Nature 485:507\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11058","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1413_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e380","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004899","volume":"90","author":"AJ Moszczynski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moszczynski AJ, Strong W, Xu K, McKee A, Brown A, Strong MJ (2018) Pathologic Thr 175 tau phosphorylation in CTE and CTE with ALS. Neurology 90:e380\u2013e387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004899","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1413_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-00986-7","volume":"8","author":"HC Murray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murray HC, Dieriks BV, Swanson ME, Anekal PV, Turner C, Faull RL, Belluscio L, Koretsky A, Curtis MA (2020) The unfolded protein response is activated in the olfactory system in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 8:109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-020-00986-7","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1413_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/path.3969","volume":"226","author":"DA Nijholt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nijholt DA, van Haastert ES, Rozemuller AJ, Scheper W, Hoozemans JJ (2012) The unfolded protein response is associated with early tau pathology in the hippocampus of tauopathies. J Pathol 226:693\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.3969","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"1413_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.938163","author":"CJ Nowinski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nowinski CJ, Bureau SC, Buckland ME, Curtis M, Daneshvar D, Faull RL, Grinberg LT, Hill EL, Murray H, Pearce AJ, Suter C, White AJ, Finkel AM, Cantu RC (2022) Applying the Bradford Hill criteria for causation to repetitive head impacts and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Front Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.938163","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.9.FOCUS11178","author":"B Omalu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Omalu B, Hammers JL, Bailes J, Hamilton RL, Kamboh MI, Webster G, Fitzsimmons RP (2011) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in an Iraqi war veteran with posttraumatic stress disorder who committed suicide. Neurosurg Focus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2011.9.FOCUS11178","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"1413_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000163407.92769.ED","volume":"57","author":"BI Omalu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Minster RL, Kamboh MI, Hamilton RL, Wecht CH (2005) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player. Neurosurgery 57:128\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.NEU.0000163407.92769.ED","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1413_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-3938.2010.01078.x","volume":"6","author":"BI Omalu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Omalu BI, Fitzsimmons RP, Hammers J, Bailes J (2010) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a professional American wrestler. J Forensic Nurs 6:130\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-3938.2010.01078.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Nurs"},{"key":"1413_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.8.1158","volume":"55","author":"BL Plassman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Plassman BL, Havlik RJ, Steffens DC, Helms MJ, Newman TN, Drosdick D, Phillips C, Gau BA, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Burke JR, Guralnik JM, Breitner JCS (2000) Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias. Neurology 55:1158\u20131166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.55.8.1158","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1413_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.11.007","volume":"1630","author":"V Puvenna","year":"2016","unstructured":"Puvenna V, Engeler M, Banjara M, Brennan C, Schreiber P, Dadas A, Bahrami A, Solanki J, Bandyopadhyay A, Morris JK, Bernick C, Ghosh C, Rapp E, Bazarian JJ, Janigro D (2016) Is phosphorylated tau unique to chronic traumatic encephalopathy? Phosphorylated tau in epileptic brain and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Brain Res 1630:225\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.11.007","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"8626\u20138627","key":"1413_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90934-8","volume":"332","author":"GW Roberts","year":"1988","unstructured":"Roberts GW (1988) Immunocytochemistry of neurofibrillary tangles in dementia pugilistica and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: evidence for common genesis. The Lancet 332(8626\u20138627):1456\u20131458","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"1413_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.5.373","volume":"53","author":"GW Roberts","year":"1990","unstructured":"Roberts GW, Allsop D, Bruton C (1990) The occult aftermath of boxing. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53:373\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.53.5.373","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1413_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1835","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011668","volume":"96","author":"N Schwab","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schwab N, Wennberg R, Grenier K, Tartaglia C, Tator C, Hazrati LN (2021) Association of position played and career duration and chronic traumatic encephalopathy at autopsy in elite football and hockey players. Neurology 96:e1835\u2013e1843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011668","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1413_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.56","author":"JS Seo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seo JS, Lee S, Shin JY, Hwang YJ, Cho H, Yoo SK, Kim Y, Lim S, Kim YK, Hwang EM, Kim SH, Kim CH, Hyeon SJ, Yun JY, Kim J, Kim Y, Alvarez VE, Stein TD, Lee J, Kim DJ, Kim J, Kowall NW, Ryu H, McKee AC (2017) Transcriptome analyses of chronic traumatic encephalopathy show alterations in protein phosphatase expression associated with tauopathy. Exp Mol Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/emm.2017.56","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"1413_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a006189","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006189","volume":"1","author":"A Serrano-Pozo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Serrano-Pozo A, Frosch MP, Masliah E, Hyman BT (2011) Neuropathological alterations in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 1:a006189\u2013a006189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a006189","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"1413_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02031-x","volume":"138","author":"OJ Standring","year":"2019","unstructured":"Standring OJ, Friedberg J, Tripodis Y, Chua AS, Cherry JD, Alvarez VE, Huber BR, Xia W, Mez J, Alosco ML, Nicks R, Mahar I, Pothast MJ, Gardner HM, Meng G, Palmisano JN, Martin BM, Dwyer B, Kowall NW, Cantu RC, Goldstein LE, Katz DI, Stern RA, McKee AC, Stein TD (2019) Contact sport participation and chronic traumatic encephalopathy are associated with altered severity and distribution of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Acta Neuropathol 138:401\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-019-02031-x","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1413_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ALZ.12502","author":"SA Stathas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stathas SA, Alvarez VE, Xia W, Nicks R, Meng G, Daley S, Pothast M, Shah A, Kelley H, Esnault C, McCormack R, Dixon E, Fishbein L, Cherry JD, Huber BR, Tripodis Y, Alosco ML, Mez J, McKee AC, Stein TD (2021) Tau phosphorylation sites serine202 and serine396 are differently altered in chronic traumatic encephalopathy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ALZ.12502","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"},{"key":"1413_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/ALZRT234","volume":"6","author":"TD Stein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stein TD, Alvarez VE, McKee AC (2014) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a spectrum of neuropathological changes following repetitive brain trauma in athletes and military personnel. Alzheimer\u2019s Res Therapy 6:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ALZRT234","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res Therapy"},{"key":"1413_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713628","volume":"40","author":"TD Stein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stein TD, Crary JF (2020) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and neuropathological comorbidities. Semin Neurol 40:384\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1713628","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1435-y","volume":"130","author":"TD Stein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stein TD, Montenigro PH, Alvarez VE, Xia W, Crary JF, Tripodis Y, Daneshvar DH, Mez J, Solomon T, Meng G, Kubilus CA, Cormier KA, Meng S, Babcock K, Kiernan P, Murphy L, Nowinski CJ, Martin B, Dixon D, Stern RA, Cantu RC, Kowall NW, McKee AC (2015) Beta-amyloid deposition in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol 130:21\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-015-1435-y","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1413_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-5960-1-31","volume":"1","author":"LD Stutzbach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stutzbach LD, Xie SX, Naj AC, Albin R, Gilman S, PSP Genetics Study Group, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Devlin B, Schellenberg GD (2013) The unfolded protein response is activated in disease-affected brain regions in progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 1:31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2051-5960-1-31","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1413_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713621","volume":"40","author":"M Uretsky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uretsky M, Nowinski CJ (2020) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: advocacy and communicating with the public. Semin Neurol 40:461\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0040-1713621","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12753","volume":"48","author":"L Viejo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Viejo L, Noori A, Merrill E, Das S, Hyman BT, Serrano-Pozo A (2022) Systematic review of human post-mortem immunohistochemical studies and bioinformatics analyses unveil the complexity of astrocyte reaction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 48:1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nan.12753","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"1413_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nly092","volume":"77","author":"GS Walt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walt GS, Burris HM, Brady CB, Spencer KR, Alvarez VE, Huber BR, Guilderson L, Abdul Rauf N, Collins D, Singh T, Mathias R, Averill JG, Walker SE, Robey I, McKee AC, Kowall NW, Stein TD (2018) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy within an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis brain bank cohort. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 77:1091\u20131100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/nly092","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25022","volume":"529","author":"A Warling","year":"2021","unstructured":"Warling A, Uchida R, Shin H, Dodelson C, Garcia ME, Shea-Shumsky NB, Svirsky S, Pothast M, Kelley H, Schumann CM, Brzezinski C, Bauman MD, Alexander A, McKee AC, Stein TD, Schall M, Jacobs B (2021) Putative dendritic correlates of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a preliminary quantitative Golgi exploration. J Comp Neurol 529:1308\u20131326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.25022","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EXPNEUROL.2015.06.015","volume":"275","author":"PM Washington","year":"2016","unstructured":"Washington PM, Villapol S, Burns MP (2016) Polypathology and dementia after brain trauma: does brain injury trigger distinct neurodegenerative diseases, or should they be classified together as traumatic encephalopathy? Exp Neurol 275:381\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EXPNEUROL.2015.06.015","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1413_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ALZ.058406","volume":"17","author":"L Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang L, Yang W, Li X, Dove A, Qi X, Xu W (2021) Association of life-course traumatic brain injury with the risk of dementia: a nationwide twin study. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement 17:e058406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ALZ.058406","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement"}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropathologica Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40478-022-01413-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40478-022-01413-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40478-022-01413-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]],"date-time":"2022-08-06T02:07:12Z","timestamp":1659751632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40478-022-01413-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-022-01413-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-5960"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-5960","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 May 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"108"}}