{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:32:27Z","timestamp":1791941547820,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003792","name":"Hj\u00e4rnfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003173","name":"Crafoordska Stiftelsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003173","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017237","name":"Hans-Gabriel och Alice Trolle-Wachtmeisters stiftelse f\u00f6r medicinsk forskning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017237","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003252","name":"Lund University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["acta neuropathol commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cerebellar dysfunction is commonly observed following traumatic brain injury (TBI). While direct impact to the cerebellum by TBI is rare, cerebellar pathology may be caused by indirect injury via cortico-cerebellar pathways. To address the hypothesis that degeneration of Purkinje cells (PCs), which constitute the sole output from the cerebellum, is linked to long-range axonal injury and demyelination, we used the central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) model of widespread traumatic axonal injury in mice. Compared to controls, TBI resulted in early PC loss accompanied by alterations in the size of pinceau synapses and levels of non-phosphorylated neurofilament in PCs. A combination of vDISCO tissue clearing technique and immunohistochemistry for vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 show that diffuse TBI decreased mossy and climbing fiber synapses on PCs. At 2\u00a0days post-injury, numerous axonal varicosities were found in the cerebellum supported by fractional anisotropy measurements using 9.4\u00a0T MRI. The disruption and demyelination of the cortico-cerebellar circuits was associated with poor performance of brain-injured mice in the beam-walk test. Despite a lack of direct input from the injury site to the cerebellum, these findings argue for novel long-range mechanisms causing Purkinje cell injury that likely contribute to cerebellar dysfunction after TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01435-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T10:02:59Z","timestamp":1662372179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Purkinje cell vulnerability induced by diffuse traumatic brain injury is linked to disruption of long-range neuronal circuits"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ilknur","family":"\u00d6zen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongcheng","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"De Maio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Ruscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Michalettos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Clausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gottschalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saema","family":"Ansar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sertan","family":"Arkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Erturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Marklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1435_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2007-22502","volume":"22","author":"AA Hyder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hyder AA, Wunderlich CA, Puvanachandra P, Gururaj G, Kobusingye OC (2007) The impact of traumatic brain injuries: a global perspective. NeuroRehabilitation 22:341\u2013353","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"1435_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30279-X","volume":"16","author":"L Wilson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilson L, Stewart W, Dams-O\u2019Connor K, Diaz-Arrastia R, Horton L, Menon DK et al (2017) The chronic and evolving neurological consequences of traumatic brain injury. Lancet Neurol. 16:813\u2013825","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1435_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0586","volume":"25","author":"KE Saatman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saatman KE, Duhaime AC, Bullock R, Maas AIR, Valadka A, Manley GT et al (2008) Classification of traumatic brain injury for targeted therapies. J Neurotrauma 25:719\u2013738","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1435_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050410001726086","volume":"19","author":"M Fork","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fork M, Bartels C, Ebert AD, Grubich C, Synowitz H, Wallesch CW (2005) Neuropsychological sequelae of diffuse traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 19:101\u2013108","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"1435_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa316","volume":"143","author":"NSN Graham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Graham NSN, Jolly A, Zimmerman K, Bourke NJ, Scott G, Cole JH et al (2020) Diffuse axonal injury predicts neurodegeneration after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury. Brain 143:3685\u20133698","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1435_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.11.008","volume":"46","author":"CJ Stoodley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stoodley CJ, Schmahmann JD (2010) Evidence for topographic organization in the cerebellum of motor control versus cognitive and affective processing. Cortex 46:831\u2013844","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1435_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0321","volume":"39","author":"I \u00d6zen","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u00d6zen I, Arkan S, Clausen F, Ruscher K, Marklund N (2022) Diffuse traumatic injury in the mouse disrupts axon-myelin integrity in the cerebellum. J Neurotrauma United States 39:411\u2013422","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma United States"},{"key":"1435_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.036210","volume":"76","author":"SD Gale","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gale SD, Baxter L, Roundy N, Johnson SC (2005) Traumatic brain injury and grey matter concentration: a preliminary voxel based morphometry study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:984\u2013988","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1435_CR9","first-page":"537","volume":"28","author":"GK Spanos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spanos GK, Wilde EA, Bigler ED, Cleavinger HB, Fearing MA, Levin HS et al (2007) Cerebellar atrophy after moderate-to-severe pediatric traumatic brain injury. Am J Neuroradiol 28:537\u2013542","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1435_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang SH, Kwon HG. Injury of the cortico-ponto-cerebellar tract in a patient with mild traumatic brain injury. Medicine. 2017;96.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008749"},{"key":"1435_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-018-02148-2","volume":"47","author":"TC Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris TC, de Rooij R, Kuhl E (2019) The shrinking brain: cerebral atrophy following traumatic brain injury. Ann Biomed Eng 47:1941\u20131959","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1435_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0151489","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151489","volume":"11","author":"Z Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang Z, Wu W, Liu Y, Wang T, Chen X, Zhang J et al (2016) Altered cerebellar white matter integrity in patients with mild traumatic brain injury in the acute stage. PLoS ONE 11:e0151489","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1435_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59148","volume":"9","author":"JU Henschke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henschke JU, Pakan JMP (2020) Disynaptic cerebrocerebellar pathways originating from multiple functionally distinct cortical areas. Elife 9:1\u201327","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1435_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5660","volume":"35","author":"J Flygt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Flygt J, Ruscher K, Norberg A, Mir A, Gram H, Clausen F et al (2018) Neutralization of interleukin-1\u03b2 following diffuse traumatic brain injury in the mouse attenuates the loss of mature oligodendrocytes. J Neurotrauma 35:2837\u20132849","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1435_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0301-3","volume":"22","author":"R Cai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cai R, Pan C, Ghasemigharagoz A, Todorov MI, F\u00f6rstera B, Zhao S et al (2019) Panoptic imaging of transparent mice reveals whole-body neuronal projections and skull\u2013meninges connections. Nat Neurosci 22:317\u2013327","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1435_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3964","volume":"13","author":"C Pan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pan C, Cai R, Quacquarelli FP, Ghasemigharagoz A, Lourbopoulos A, Matryba P et al (2016) Shrinkage-mediated imaging of entire organs and organisms using uDISCO. Nat Methods 13:859\u2013867","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"1435_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.019","volume":"125","author":"JLR Andersson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andersson JLR, Sotiropoulos SN (2016) An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging. Neuroimage 125:1063\u20131078","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1435_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025","volume":"54","author":"BB Avants","year":"2011","unstructured":"Avants BB, Tustison NJ, Song G, Cook PA, Klein A, Gee JC (2011) A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration. Neuroimage 54:2033\u20132044","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1435_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2010.2045126","volume":"29","author":"FC Yeh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yeh FC, Wedeen VJ, Tseng WYI (2010) Generalized q-sampling imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 29:1626\u20131635","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"1435_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116131","volume":"202","author":"FC Yeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yeh FC, Zaydan IM, Suski VR, Lacomis D, Richardson RM, Maroon JC et al (2019) Differential tractography as a track-based biomarker for neuronal injury. Neuroimage 202:116131","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1435_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-7378-2-13","volume":"2","author":"KL Schaar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schaar KL, Brenneman MM, Savitz SI (2010) Functional assessments in the rodent stroke model. Exp Transl Stroke Med 2:1\u201311","journal-title":"Exp Transl Stroke Med"},{"key":"1435_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00344-0","volume":"31","author":"RT Fremeau","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fremeau RT, Troyer MD, Pahner I, Nygaard GO, Tran CH, Reimer RJ et al (2001) The expression of vesicular glutamate transporters defines two classes of excitatory synapse. Neuron 31:247\u2013260","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1435_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8487","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-19-08487.2002","volume":"22","author":"R Ichikawa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ichikawa R, Miyazaki T, Kano M, Hashikawa T, Tatsumi H, Sakimura K et al (2002) Distal extension of climbing fiber territory and multiple innervation caused by aberrant wiring to adjacent spiny branchlets in cerebellar purkinje cells lacking glutamate receptor \u03b42. J Neurosci 22:8487\u20138503","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1435_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4664-05.2006","volume":"26","author":"ZM Khaliq","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khaliq ZM, Raman IM (2006) Relative contributions of axonal and somatic Na channels to action potential initiation in cerebellar purkinje neurons. J Neurosci 26:1935\u20131944","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1435_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1108-7","volume":"125","author":"SH Kuo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuo SH, Tang G, Louis ED, Ma K, Babji R, Balatbat M et al (2013) Lingo-1 expression is increased in essential tremor cerebellum and is present in the basket cell pinceau. Acta Neuropathol 125:879\u2013889","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1435_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.08.030","volume":"203","author":"T Igarashi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Igarashi T, Potts MB, Noble-Haeusslein LJ (2007) Injury severity determines Purkinje cell loss and microglial activation in the cerebellum after cortical contusion injury. Exp Neurol 203:258\u2013268","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1435_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0616","volume":"27","author":"H Mao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mao H, Jin X, Zhang L, Yang KH, Igarashi T, Noble-Haeusslein LJ et al (2010) Finite element analysis of controlled cortical impact-induced cell loss. J Neurotrauma 27:877\u2013888","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1435_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-009-0114-8","volume":"8","author":"MB Potts","year":"2009","unstructured":"Potts MB, Adwanikar H, Noble-Haeusslein LJ (2009) Models of traumatic cerebellar injury. Cerebellum 8:211\u2013221","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"1435_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.07.004","volume":"77","author":"H Mao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mao H, Lu L, Bian K, Clausen F, Colgan N, Gilchrist M (2018) Biomechanical analysis of fluid percussion model of brain injury. J Biomech 77:228\u2013232","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"1435_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.07.004","volume":"77","author":"H Mao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gard A, Al-Husseini A, Kornaropoulos EN, De Maio A, Tegner Y, Bj\u00f6rkman-Burtscher I, et al. (2022) Post-concussive vestibular dysfunction is related to injury to the inferior vestibular nerve. J Neurotrauma 39:829\u2013840","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"1435_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321ra6","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa9585","volume":"8","author":"JS Meabon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meabon JS, Huber BR, Cross DJ, Richards TL, Minoshima S, Pagulayan KF et al (2016) Repetitive blast exposure in mice and combat veterans causes persistent cerebellar dysfunction. Sci Transl Med. 8:321ra6","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"1435_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2011.00041","volume":"2","author":"J Davidsson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Davidsson J, Risling M (2011) A new model to produce sagittal plane rotational induced diffuse axonal injuries. Front Neurol 2:41","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1435_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109721","volume":"36","author":"TJ Pisano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pisano TJ, Dhanerawala ZM, Kislin M, Bakshinskaya D, Engel EA, Hansen EJ et al (2021) Homologous organization of cerebellar pathways to sensory, motor, and associative forebrain. Cell Rep 36:109721","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1435_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0203900","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203900","volume":"13","author":"T Muzzu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Muzzu T, Mitolo S, Gava GP, Schultz SR (2018) Encoding of locomotion kinematics in the mouse cerebellum. PLoS ONE 13:e0203900","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1435_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-44","volume":"10","author":"S Ekmark-Lew\u00e9n","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ekmark-Lew\u00e9n S, Flygt J, Kiwanuka O, Meyerson BJ, Lew\u00e9n A, Hillered L et al (2013) Traumatic axonal injury in the mouse is accompanied by a dynamic inflammatory response, astroglial reactivity and complex behavioral changes. J Neuroinflamm 10:1\u201319","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"1435_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1998.15.599","volume":"15","author":"GB Fox","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fox GB, Fan L, Levasseur RA, Faden AI (1998) Sustained sensory\/motor and cognitive deficits with neuronal apoptosis following controlled cortical impact brain injury in the mouse. J Neurotrauma 15:599\u2013614","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1435_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020387","volume":"21","author":"I Ozen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ozen I, Ruscher K, Nilsson R, Flygt J, Clausen F, Marklund N (2020) Interleukin-1 beta neutralization attenuates traumatic brain injury-induced microglia activation and neuronal changes in the globus pallidus. Int J Mol Sci. 21:387","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"1435_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu281","volume":"137","author":"CY Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin CY, Louis ED, Faust PL, Koeppen AH, Vonsattel JPG, Kuo SH (2014) Abnormal climbing fibre-Purkinje cell synaptic connections in the essential tremor cerebellum. Brain 137:3149\u20133159","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1435_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25629","volume":"28","author":"ED Louis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Louis ED, Babij R, Lee M, Cort\u00e9s E, Vonsattel JPG (2013) Quantification of cerebellar hemispheric purkinje cell linear density: 32 ET cases versus 16 controls. Mov Disord 28:1854\u20131859","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1435_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-013-0456-0","volume":"12","author":"AH Koeppen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koeppen AH, Ramirez RL, Bjork ST, Bauer P, Feustel PJ (2013) The reciprocal cerebellar circuitry in human hereditary ataxia. Cerebellum 12:493\u2013503","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"1435_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2015.00023","volume":"9","author":"\u00c9 Vigneault","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vigneault \u00c9, Poirel O, Riad M, Prud\u2019homme J, Dumas S, Turecki G et al (2015) Distribution of vesicular glutamate transporters in the human brain. Front Neuroanat. 9:23","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat."},{"key":"1435_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00945-X","volume":"332","author":"J Ai","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ai J, Baker A (2002) Presynaptic hyperexcitability at cerebellar synapses in traumatic injury rat. Neurosci Lett 332:155\u2013158","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"1435_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.09.002","volume":"126","author":"A Yuan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yuan A, Nixon RA (2016) Specialized roles of neurofilament proteins in synapses: relevance to neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain Res Bull 126:334\u2013346","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"1435_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.45","volume":"20","author":"A Yuan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yuan A, Sershen H, Basavarajappa BS, Kumar A, Hashim A et al (2015) Neurofilament subunits are integral components of synapses and modulate neurotransmission and behavior in vivo. Mol Psychiatry. 20:986\u2013994","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"1435_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2010.00466.x","volume":"21","author":"L Schirmer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schirmer L, Antel JP, Br\u00fcck W, Stadelmann C (2011) Axonal loss and neurofilament phosphorylation changes accompany lesion development and clinical progression in multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 21:428\u2013440","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"1435_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/59.7.599","volume":"59","author":"MS Wang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang MS, Wu Y, Culver DG, Glass JD (2000) Pathogenesis of axonal degeneration: parallels between Wallerian degeneration and vincristine neuropathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59:599\u2013606","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1435_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000202888.29705.93","volume":"65","author":"E Park","year":"2006","unstructured":"Park E, McKnight S, Ai J, Baker AJ (2006) Purkinje cell vulnerability to mild and severe forebrain head trauma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 65:226\u2013234","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1435_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(96)12916-5","volume":"214","author":"AEM Mautes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mautes AEM, Fukuda K, Noble LJ (1996) Cellular response in the cerebellum after midline traumatic brain injury in the rat. Neurosci Lett 214:95\u201398","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"1435_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1996.13.255","volume":"13","author":"K Fukuda","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fukuda K, Aihara N, Sagar SM, Sharp FR, Pitts LH, Honkaniemi J et al (1996) Purkinje cell vulnerability to mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 13:255\u2013266","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1435_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1980.11739567","volume":"1","author":"DMA Mann","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mann DMA, Stamp JE, Yates PO, Bannister CM (1980) The fine structure of the axonal torpedo in Purkinje cells of the human cerebellum. Neurol Res 1:369\u2013378","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"1435_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8723","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0819-18.2018","volume":"38","author":"CM Marion","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marion CM, Radomski KL, Cramer NP, Galdzicki Z, Armstrong RC (2018) Experimental traumatic brain injury identifies distinct early and late phase axonal conduction deficits of white matter pathophysiology, and reveals intervening recovery. J Neurosci 38:8723\u20138736","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1435_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2343-17.2018","volume":"38","author":"NK Ziogas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ziogas NK, Koliatsos VE (2018) Primary traumatic axonopathy in mice subjected to impact acceleration: a reappraisal of pathology and mechanisms with high-resolution anatomical methods. J Neurosci 38:4031\u20134047","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1435_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181ffc317","volume":"69","author":"A Wilkins","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wilkins A, Kondo Y, Song J, Liu S, Compston A, Black JA et al (2010) Slowly progressive axonal degeneration in a rat model of chronic, nonimmune-mediated demyelination. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 69:1256\u20131269","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1435_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06118-4","volume":"239","author":"G Bakalkin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bakalkin G, Nosova O, Sarkisyan D, Hallberg M, Zhang M, Schouenborg J et al (2021) Unilateral traumatic brain injury of the left and right hemisphere produces the left hindlimb response in rats. Exp Brain Res 239:2221\u20132232","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"1435_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13190","volume":"43","author":"S Ekmark-Lew\u00e9n","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ekmark-Lew\u00e9n S, Flygt J, Fridgeirsdottir GA, Kiwanuka O, H\u00e5nell A, Meyerson BJ et al (2016) Diffuse traumatic axonal injury in mice induces complex behavioural alterations that are normalized by neutralization of interleukin-1\u03b2. Eur J Neurosci 43:1016\u20131033","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropathologica Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40478-022-01435-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40478-022-01435-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40478-022-01435-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T11:08:23Z","timestamp":1662376103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40478-022-01435-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-022-01435-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-5960"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-5960","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures and animal experiments were performed in compliance with the European Community Council Directive (2010\/63\/EU) for Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes guidelines. The study was approved by the Malm\u00f6-Lund Institutional Ethical Committee at Lund University (Dnr: M4789-17) under the Swedish National Department of Agriculture and followed the regulations of the Swedish Animal Welfare Agency.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"129"}}