{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T01:50:03Z","timestamp":1793152203494,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1 I01 RX002860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 I01 RX002860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1I50RX003002-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1I50RX003002-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["acta neuropathol commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide and vision loss in the disease results from the deterioration of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and their axons. Metabolic dysfunction of RGC plays a significant role in the onset and progression of the disease in both human patients and rodent models, highlighting the need to better define the mechanisms regulating cellular energy metabolism in glaucoma. This study sought to determine if <jats:italic>Sarm1<\/jats:italic>, a gene involved in axonal degeneration and NAD+ metabolism, contributes to glaucomatous RGC loss in a mouse model with chronic elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Our data demonstrate that after 16\u00a0weeks of elevated IOP, <jats:italic>Sarm1<\/jats:italic> knockout (KO) mice retain significantly more RGC than control animals. <jats:italic>Sarm1<\/jats:italic> KO mice also performed significantly better when compared to control mice during optomotor testing, indicating that visual function is preserved in this group. Our findings also indicate that <jats:italic>Sarm1<\/jats:italic> KO mice display mild ocular developmental abnormalities, including reduced optic nerve axon diameter and lower visual acuity than controls. Finally, we present data to indicate that SARM1 expression in the optic nerve is most prominently associated with oligodendrocytes. Taken together, these data suggest that attenuating <jats:italic>Sarm1<\/jats:italic> activity through gene therapy, pharmacologic inhibition, or NAD+ supplementation, may be a novel therapeutic approach for patients with glaucoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01736-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T14:03:42Z","timestamp":1707401022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Loss of Sarm1 reduces retinal ganglion cell loss in chronic glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Huilan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan E.","family":"Mayberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wadkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3940-198X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus H.","family":"Kuehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1736_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2023.101217","volume":"97","author":"L Alarcon-Martinez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alarcon-Martinez L, Shiga Y, Villafranca-Baughman D, Cueva Vargas JL, Vidal Paredes IA, Quintero H, Fortune B, Danesh-Meyer H, Di Polo A (2023) Neurovascular dysfunction in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 97:101217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2023.101217","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"1736_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0416","volume":"40","author":"AS Alexandris","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alexandris AS, Lee Y, Lehar M, Alam Z, McKenney J, Perdomo D, Ryu J, Welsbie D, Zack DJ, Koliatsos VE (2023) Traumatic axonal injury in the optic nerve: the selective role of SARM1 in the evolution of distal axonopathy. J Neurotrauma 40:1743\u20131761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2022.0416","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1736_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22559","volume":"78","author":"J Beros","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beros J, Rodger J, Harvey AR (2018) Developmental retinal ganglion cell death and retinotopicity of the murine retinocollicular projection. Dev Neurobiol 78:51\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dneu.22559","journal-title":"Dev Neurobiol"},{"key":"1736_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3226","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab184","volume":"144","author":"T Bosanac","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bosanac T, Hughes RO, Engber T, Devraj R, Brearley A, Danker K, Young K, Kopatz J, Hermann M, Berthemy A et al (2021) Pharmacological SARM1 inhibition protects axon structure and function in paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. Brain 144:3226\u20133238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awab184","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1736_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010246","volume":"18","author":"EJ Brace","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brace EJ, Essuman K, Mao X, Palucki J, Sasaki Y, Milbrandt J, DiAntonio A (2022) Distinct developmental and degenerative functions of SARM1 require NAD+ hydrolase activity. PLoS Genet 18:e1010246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010246","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"1736_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201008050","volume":"193","author":"CY Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen CY, Lin CW, Chang CY, Jiang ST, Hsueh YP (2011) Sarm1, a negative regulator of innate immunity, interacts with syndecan-2 and regulates neuronal morphology. J Cell Biol 193:769\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.201008050","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1623\u20131640","key":"1736_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.013","volume":"182","author":"CS Cowan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cowan CS, Renner M, De Gennaro M, Gross-Scherf B, Goldblum D, Hou Y, Munz M, Rodrigues TM, Krol J, Szikra T et al (2020) Cell types of the human retina and its organoids at single-cell resolution. Cell 182(1623\u20131640):e1634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1736_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6138132","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6138132","volume":"2020","author":"B Cvenkel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cvenkel B, Kolko M (2020) Current medical therapy and future trends in the management of glaucoma treatment. J Ophthalmol 2020:6138132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/6138132","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1334\u20131343","key":"1736_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.022","volume":"93","author":"K Essuman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Essuman K, Summers DW, Sasaki Y, Mao X, DiAntonio A, Milbrandt J (2017) The SARM1 toll\/interleukin-1 receptor domain possesses intrinsic NAD(+) cleavage activity that promotes pathological axonal degeneration. Neuron 93(1334\u20131343):e1335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1736_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.01.035","volume":"30","author":"F Fang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fang F, Zhuang P, Feng X, Liu P, Liu D, Huang H, Li L, Chen W, Liu L, Sun Y et al (2022) NMNAT2 is downregulated in glaucomatous RGCs, and RGC-specific gene therapy rescues neurodegeneration and visual function. Mol Ther 30:1421\u20131431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.01.035","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"1736_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158388","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1158388","volume":"17","author":"SV Fazal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fazal SV, Mutschler C, Chen CZ, Turmaine M, Chen CY, Hsueh YP, Ibanez-Grau A, Loreto A, Casillas-Bajo A, Cabedo H et al (2023) SARM1 detection in myelinating glia: sarm1\/Sarm1 is dispensable for PNS and CNS myelination in zebrafish and mice. Front Cell Neurosci 17:1158388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1158388","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"1736_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2208457119","volume":"119","author":"HC Feldman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feldman HC, Merlini E, Guijas C, DeMeester KE, Njomen E, Kozina EM, Yokoyama M, Vinogradova E, Reardon HT, Melillo B et al (2022) Selective inhibitors of SARM1 targeting an allosteric cysteine in the autoregulatory ARM domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 119:e2208457119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2208457119","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1736_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.03.007","volume":"171","author":"KA Fernandes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fernandes KA, Mitchell KL, Patel A, Marola OJ, Shrager P, Zack DJ, Libby RT, Welsbie DS (2018) Role of SARM1 and DR6 in retinal ganglion cell axonal and somal degeneration following axonal injury. Exp Eye Res 171:54\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2018.03.007","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"1118\u20131136","key":"1736_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.02.009","volume":"109","author":"MD Figley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Figley MD, Gu W, Nanson JD, Shi Y, Sasaki Y, Cunnea K, Malde AK, Jia X, Luo Z, Saikot FK et al (2021) SARM1 is a metabolic sensor activated by an increased NMN\/NAD(+) ratio to trigger axon degeneration. Neuron 109(1118\u20131136):e1111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.02.009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1736_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20181040","volume":"216","author":"S Geisler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geisler S, Huang SX, Strickland A, Doan RA, Summers DW, Mao X, Park J, DiAntonio A, Milbrandt J (2019) Gene therapy targeting SARM1 blocks pathological axon degeneration in mice. J Exp Med 216:294\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20181040","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"1736_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110108","volume":"37","author":"SA Gould","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gould SA, Gilley J, Ling K, Jafar-Nejad P, Rigo F, Coleman M (2021) Sarm1 haploinsufficiency or low expression levels after antisense oligonucleotides delay programmed axon degeneration. Cell Rep 37:110108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110108","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1736_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-015-0234-y","volume":"3","author":"OW Gramlich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gramlich OW, Ding QJ, Zhu W, Cook A, Anderson MG, Kuehn MH (2015) Adoptive transfer of immune cells from glaucomatous mice provokes retinal ganglion cell loss in recipients. Acta Neuropathol Commun 3:56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-015-0234-y","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"1736_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.14.18","volume":"61","author":"OW Gramlich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gramlich OW, Godwin CR, Heuss ND, Gregerson DS, Kuehn MH (2020) T and B lymphocyte deficiency in Rag1\u2212\/\u2212 mice reduces retinal ganglion cell loss in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 61:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.61.14.18","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1736_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.703532","volume":"8","author":"EL Hopkins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hopkins EL, Gu W, Kobe B, Coleman MP (2021) A novel NAD signaling mechanism in axon degeneration and its relationship to innate immunity. Front Mol Biosci 8:703532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2021.703532","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"1736_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108588","volume":"34","author":"RO Hughes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hughes RO, Bosanac T, Mao X, Engber TM, DiAntonio A, Milbrandt J, Devraj R, Krauss R (2021) Small molecule SARM1 inhibitors recapitulate the SARM1(\u2212\/\u2212) phenotype and allow recovery of a metastable pool of axons fated to degenerate. Cell Rep 34:108588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108588","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1736_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2022.102176","volume":"69","author":"JD Icso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Icso JD, Thompson PR (2022) The chemical biology of NAD(+) regulation in axon degeneration. Curr Opin Chem Biol 69:102176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpa.2022.102176","journal-title":"Curr Opin Chem Biol"},{"key":"1736_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2862-z","volume":"588","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Liu T, Lee CH, Chang Q, Yang J, Zhang Z (2020) The NAD(+)-mediated self-inhibition mechanism of pro-neurodegenerative SARM1. Nature 588:658\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2862-z","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1736_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05202-z","volume":"13","author":"L Jin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jin L, Zhang J, Hua X, Xu X, Li J, Wang J, Wang M, Liu H, Qiu H, Chen M et al (2022) Astrocytic SARM1 promotes neuroinflammation and axonal demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through inhibiting GDNF signaling. Cell Death Dis 13:759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-022-05202-z","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"1736_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702576","volume":"21","author":"CY Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim CY, Kuehn MH, Anderson MG, Kwon YH (2007) Intraocular pressure measurement in mice: a comparison between Goldmann and rebound tonometry. Eye 21:1202\u20131209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.eye.6702576","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"1736_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201912047","author":"KW Ko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ko KW, Milbrandt J, DiAntonio A (2020) SARM1 acts downstream of neuroinflammatory and necroptotic signaling to induce axon degeneration. J Cell Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.201912047","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"1736_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-27099","volume":"60","author":"J Kouassi Nzoughet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kouassi Nzoughet J, Chao de la Barca JM, Guehlouz K, Leruez S, Coulbault L, Allouche S, Bocca C, Muller J, Amati-Bonneau P, Gohier P et al (2019) Nicotinamide deficiency in primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 60:2509\u20132514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.19-27099","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1736_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902430305","volume":"243","author":"KH Lee","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lee KH, Chung K, Chung JM, Coggeshall RE (1986) Correlation of cell body size, axon size, and signal conduction velocity for individually labelled dorsal root ganglion cells in the cat. J Comp Neurol 243:335\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.902430305","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1736_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9596","volume":"53","author":"S Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee S, Sheck L, Crowston JG, Van Bergen NJ, O\u2019Neill EC, O\u2019Hare F, Kong YX, Chrysostomou V, Vincent AL, Trounce IA (2012) Impaired complex-I-linked respiration and ATP synthesis in primary open-angle glaucoma patient lymphoblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53:2431\u20132437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.12-9596","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1736_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114143","volume":"158","author":"W Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li W, Gao M, Hu C, Chen X, Zhou Y (2023) NMNAT2: An important metabolic enzyme affecting the disease progression. Biomed Pharmacother 158:114143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114143","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"1736_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.49054","volume":"11","author":"H Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu H, Zhang J, Xu X, Lu S, Yang D, Xie C, Jia M, Zhang W, Jin L, Wang X et al (2021) SARM1 promotes neuroinflammation and inhibits neural regeneration after spinal cord injury through NF-kappaB signaling. Theranostics 11:4187\u20134206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.49054","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"1736_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2023.02.029","volume":"32","author":"P Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu P, Chen W, Jiang H, Huang H, Liu L, Fang F, Li L, Feng X, Liu D, Dalal R et al (2023) Differential effects of SARM1 inhibition in traumatic glaucoma and EAE optic neuropathies. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 32:13\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omtn.2023.02.029","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"1736_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogla.2021.08.003","volume":"5","author":"MM Lorenzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lorenzo MM, Devlin J, Saini C, Cho KS, Paschalis EI, Chen DF, Nascimento ESR, Chen SH, Margeta MA, Ondeck C et al (2022) The prevalence of autoimmune diseases in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma undergoing ophthalmic surgeries. Ophthalmol Glaucoma 5:128\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ogla.2021.08.003","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Glaucoma"},{"key":"1736_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10973","volume":"54","author":"C Massoll","year":"2013","unstructured":"Massoll C, Mando W, Chintala SK (2013) Excitotoxicity upregulates SARM1 protein expression and promotes Wallerian-like degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54:2771\u20132780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.12-10973","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1736_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113207","volume":"327","author":"ME Maynard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maynard ME, Redell JB, Zhao J, Hood KN, Vita SM, Kobori N, Dash PK (2020) Sarm1 loss reduces axonal damage and improves cognitive outcome after repetitive mild closed head injury. Exp Neurol 327:113207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113207","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1736_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227138","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1227138","volume":"14","author":"Y Meng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meng Y, Tan Z, Su Y, Li L, Chen C (2023) Causal association between common rheumatic diseases and glaucoma: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol 14:1227138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1227138","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1736_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.09.002","volume":"13","author":"NN Osborne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Osborne NN, del Olmo-Aguado S (2013) Maintenance of retinal ganglion cell mitochondrial functions as a neuroprotective strategy in glaucoma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 13:16\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coph.2012.09.002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1736_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e32834ff490","volume":"23","author":"HA Quigley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Quigley HA (2012) Clinical trials for glaucoma neuroprotection are not impossible. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 23:144\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICU.0b013e32834ff490","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1736_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2021.10.010","volume":"267","author":"DA Robinson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robinson DA (2022) The behavior of the optokinetic system. Prog Brain Res 267:215\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.pbr.2021.10.010","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"1736_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2021.05.004","volume":"69","author":"S Sambashivan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sambashivan S, Freeman MR (2021) SARM1 signaling mechanisms in the injured nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 69:247\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2021.05.004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"1736_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081973","author":"VI Shestopalov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shestopalov VI, Spurlock M, Gramlich OW, Kuehn MH (2021) Immune responses in the glaucomatous retina: regulation and dynamics. Cells. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10081973","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1736_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01796-2","volume":"57","author":"DW Summers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Summers DW, Frey E, Walker LJ, Milbrandt J, DiAntonio A (2020) DLK Activation synergizes with mitochondrial dysfunction to downregulate axon survival factors and promote SARM1-dependent axon degeneration. Mol Neurobiol 57:1146\u20131158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-019-01796-2","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1736_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6271","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601506113","volume":"113","author":"DW Summers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Summers DW, Gibson DA, DiAntonio A, Milbrandt J (2016) SARM1-specific motifs in the TIR domain enable NAD+ loss and regulate injury-induced SARM1 activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113:E6271\u2013E6280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1601506113","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1736_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101988","volume":"43","author":"JR Tribble","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tribble JR, Otmani A, Sun S, Ellis SA, Cimaglia G, Vohra R, Joe M, Lardner E, Venkataraman AP, Dominguez-Vicent A et al (2021) Nicotinamide provides neuroprotection in glaucoma by protecting against mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction. Redox Biol 43:101988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101988","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"1736_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcz035","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcz035","volume":"1","author":"JR Tribble","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tribble JR, Vasalauskaite A, Redmond T, Young RD, Hassan S, Fautsch MP, Sengpiel F, Williams PA, Morgan JE (2019) Midget retinal ganglion cell dendritic and mitochondrial degeneration is an early feature of human glaucoma. Brain Commun 1:fcz035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcz035","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"1736_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235110","volume":"15","author":"K Viar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Viar K, Njoku D, Secor McVoy J, Oh U (2020) Sarm1 knockout protects against early but not late axonal degeneration in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. PLoS ONE 15:e0235110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0235110","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1736_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020438","author":"AP Voigt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Voigt AP, Binkley E, Flamme-Wiese MJ, Zeng S, DeLuca AP, Scheetz TE, Tucker BA, Mullins RF, Stone EM (2020) Single-cell RNA sequencing in human retinal degeneration reveals distinct glial cell populations. Cells. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9020438","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1736_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108204","volume":"200","author":"AP Voigt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Voigt AP, Whitmore SS, Lessing ND, DeLuca AP, Tucker BA, Stone EM, Mullins RF, Scheetz TE (2020) Spectacle: an interactive resource for ocular single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis. Exp Eye Res 200:108204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108204","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"1736_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.958900","volume":"16","author":"TJ Waller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Waller TJ, Collins CA (2022) Multifaceted roles of SARM1 in axon degeneration and signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 16:958900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2022.958900","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"1736_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3896","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0102-20.2020","volume":"40","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Q, Zhuang P, Huang H, Li L, Liu L, Webber HC, Dalal R, Siew L, Fligor CM, Chang KC et al (2020) Mouse gamma-synuclein promoter-mediated gene expression and editing in mammalian retinal ganglion cells. J Neurosci 40:3896\u20133914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0102-20.2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1736_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","volume":"311","author":"RN Weinreb","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weinreb RN, Aung T, Medeiros FA (2014) The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review. JAMA 311:1901\u20131911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1736_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal0092","volume":"355","author":"PA Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams PA, Harder JM, Foxworth NE, Cochran KE, Philip VM, Porciatti V, Smithies O, John SW (2017) Vitamin B(3) modulates mitochondrial vulnerability and prevents glaucoma in aged mice. Science 355:756\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aal0092","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1736_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.053","volume":"160","author":"J Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang J, Wu Z, Renier N, Simon DJ, Uryu K, Park DS, Greer PA, Tournier C, Davis RJ, Tessier-Lavigne M (2015) Pathological axonal death through a MAPK cascade that triggers a local energy deficit. Cell 160:161\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.053","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1736_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020281","author":"H Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng H, Dumitrescu AV, Wadkins D, Elwood BW, Gramlich OW, Kuehn MH (2022) Systemic treatment with pioglitazone reverses vision loss in preclinical glaucoma models. Biomolecules. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom12020281","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"1736_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13974","volume":"238","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, Jin L, Hua X, Wang M, Wang J, Xu X, Liu H, Qiu H, Sun H, Dong T et al (2023) SARM1 promotes the neuroinflammation and demyelination through IGFBP2\/NF-kappaB pathway in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Acta Physiol 238:e13974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apha.13974","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropathologica Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40478-024-01736-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40478-024-01736-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40478-024-01736-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T18:03:23Z","timestamp":1707674603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40478-024-01736-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-024-01736-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-5960"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-5960","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All studies were approved by the University of Iowa and Iowa City VA Committees for Animal Care and Use and conducted according to the ARVO statement for the use of Animals in Ophthalmology and Vision Research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"23"}}