{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:16:28Z","timestamp":1793304988156,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["acta neuropathol commun"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Glaucoma is characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and optic nerve head (ONH) changes, but the roles of glial activation and immune responses remain unclear. This study examines gliosis, microglial diversity, and inflammation in postmortem retinal tissues. Postmortem retinal and ONH samples (total\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200950) from patients with open-angle glaucoma (G,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200918) were compared with those from age-matched controls (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200932), including healthy individuals (Ctrl) and disease controls (patients with early age-related macular degeneration [AMD] and diabetes mellitus [DM]). Immunostaining was performed to assess glial activation, blood\u2013retinal barrier (BRB) integrity, and immune infiltration, which were quantified via ImageJ and Zen lite. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) with Bonferroni correction accounted for intrapatient variability. G retinae presented significant RGC loss accompanied by widespread gliosis, with activation of microglia (Iba1), astrocytes (GFAP), and M\u00fcller cells (Vimentin). This gliotic response differed across conditions, with astrocyte activation being more prominent in DM and microglial activation predominating in AMD. In glaucoma, gliosis is evident even in early-stage disease, regardless of the severity of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss or structural changes in the ONH. Furthermore, microglia showed a marked shift in morphological diversity, transitioning to hyperramified, bushy, and amoeboid forms, along with an increased distribution of activation markers such as CD45, CD11b, and CD163. Additionally, biochemical evidence of alterations to the BRB integrity, characterized by reduced tight junction protein expression, facilitates immune cell infiltration, as indicated by the minimal and inconsistent presence of CD3\/CD4+\u2009T cells. Gliosis persisted regardless of RGC loss severity, suggesting that gliosis progresses independently of neuronal degeneration. Unlike AMD and DM, where specific glial subtypes dominate, glaucoma exhibits widespread gliosis. Microglial heterogeneity indicates the existence of a continuum of functional states. Furthermore, dysregulation of the BRB, inconsistent immune infiltration, and multimodal microglial activation indicate that the inflammatory response in glaucoma patients is driven primarily by resident microglia, with limited interactions with infiltrating immune cells. These findings highlight the need for further research into glial modulation as a potential therapeutic strategy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-025-02066-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T23:41:06Z","timestamp":1751067666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Glial and immune dysregulation in glaucoma independent of retinal ganglion cell loss: a human post-mortem histopathology study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Akanksha","family":"Salkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viswanthram","family":"Palanivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devaraj","family":"Basavarajappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyi","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2066_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","volume":"90","author":"HA Quigley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Quigley HA, Broman AT (2006) The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br J Ophthalmol 90:262\u2013267","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2066_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rolle T, Ponzetto A, Malinverni L The Role of Neuroinflammation in Glaucoma: An Update on Molecular Mechanisms and New Therapeutic Options. Front Neurol [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 Dec 8];11. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/neurology\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.612422\/full","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.612422"},{"key":"2066_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100998","volume":"87","author":"G Tezel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tezel G (2022) Molecular regulation of neuroinflammation in glaucoma: current knowledge and the ongoing search for new treatment targets. Prog Retin Eye Res 87:100998","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"2066_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2017.02.014","volume":"157","author":"PA Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams PA, Marsh-Armstrong N, Howell GR, Bosco A, Danias J, Simon J et al (2017) Neuroinflammation in glaucoma: A new opportunity. Exp Eye Res 157:20\u201327","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"#cr-split#-2066_CR5.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mac Nair CE, Nickells RW (2015) Chapter Twenty - Neuroinflammation in Glaucoma and Optic Nerve Damage. In: Hejtmancik JF, Nickerson JM, editors. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science [Internet]. Academic Press","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.06.010"},{"key":"#cr-split#-2066_CR5.2","unstructured":"[cited 2024 Dec 8]. pp. 343-63. Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S187711731500112X"},{"key":"2066_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000200","volume":"25","author":"J-W Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang J-W, Chen S-D, Zhang X-L, Jonas JB (2016) Retinal microglia in Glaucoma. J Glaucoma 25:459","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"2066_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24256","volume":"97","author":"X Wei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wei X, Cho K-S, Thee EF, Jager MJ, Chen DF (2019) Neuroinflammation and microglia in glaucoma: time for a paradigm shift. J Neurosci Res 97:70\u201376","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"2066_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang Y, Chen Y, Chen D (2022) The heterogeneity of astrocytes in glaucoma. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy [Internet]. [cited 2023 Feb 27];16. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnana.2022.995369","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2022.995369"},{"key":"2066_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2024.108461","volume":"223","author":"ML Cooper","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cooper ML, Calkins DJ (2024) Beyond hypertrophy: changing views of astrocytes in glaucoma. Vision Res 223:108461","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"2066_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"227","author":"A Bringmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bringmann A, Wiedemann P (2012) M\u00fcller glial cells in retinal disease. OPH 227:1\u201319","journal-title":"OPH"},{"key":"2066_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.018788","volume":"8","author":"A Bosco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bosco A, Romero CO, Breen KT, Chagovetz AA, Steele MR, Ambati BK et al (2015) Neurodegeneration severity can be predicted from early microglia alterations monitored in vivo in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma. Dis Model Mech 8:443\u2013455","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"2066_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22516","volume":"519","author":"A Bosco","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bosco A, Steele MR, Vetter ML (2011) Early microglia activation in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma. J Comp Neurol 519:599\u2013620","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2066_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0542-6","volume":"13","author":"OW Gramlich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gramlich OW, Teister J, Neumann M, Tao X, Beck S, von Pein HD et al (2016) Immune response after intermittent minimally invasive intraocular pressure elevations in an experimental animal model of glaucoma. J Neuroinflammation 13:82","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2066_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03035-5","volume":"21","author":"C He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He C, Peng K, Zhu X, Wang Z, Xiu W, Zhang G et al (2024) Th1 cells contribute to retinal ganglion cell loss in glaucoma in a VCAM-1-dependent manner. J Neuroinflammation 21:43","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2066_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pgae299","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae299","volume":"3","author":"V Palanivel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Palanivel V, Gupta V, Chitranshi N, Tietz O, Vander Wall R, Blades R et al (2024) Neuropeptide Y receptor activation preserves inner retinal integrity through PI3K\/Akt signaling in a glaucoma mouse model. PNAS Nexus 3:pgae299","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"2066_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-018-0303-3","volume":"14","author":"PA Williams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams PA, Braine CE, Kizhatil K, Foxworth NE, Tolman NG, Harder JM et al (2019) Inhibition of monocyte-like cell extravasation protects from neurodegeneration in DBA\/2J glaucoma. Mol Neurodegeneration 14:6","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"2066_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57557","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057557","volume":"8","author":"OW Gramlich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gramlich OW, Beck S, Hohenstein-Blaul N, von Boehm T, Ziegler N, Vetter A (2013) Enhanced insight into the autoimmune component of glaucoma: IgG autoantibody accumulation and Pro-Inflammatory conditions in human glaucomatous retina. PLoS ONE 8:e57557","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2066_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-4081-y","volume":"256","author":"MA Margeta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Margeta MA, Lad EM, Proia AD (2018) CD163 + macrophages infiltrate axon bundles of postmortem optic nerves with glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 256:2449\u20132456","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2066_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01427-3","volume":"10","author":"C Rutigliani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rutigliani C, Tribble JR, Hagstr\u00f6m A, Lardner E, J\u00f3hannesson G, St\u00e5lhammar G et al (2022) Widespread retina and optic nerve neuroinflammation in enucleated eyes from glaucoma patients. Acta Neuropathol Commun 10:118","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"2066_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2024.0103","volume":"15","author":"A Salkar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salkar A, Wall RV, Basavarajappa D, Chitranshi N, Parilla GE, Mirzaei M et al (2024) Glial cell activation and immune responses in glaucoma: A systematic review of human postmortem studies of the retina and optic nerve. Aging Disease 15:2069\u20132083","journal-title":"Aging Disease"},{"key":"2066_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2023.101217","volume":"97","author":"L Alarcon-Martinez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alarcon-Martinez L, Shiga Y, Villafranca-Baughman D, Cueva Vargas JL, Vidal Paredes IA, Quintero H et al (2023) Neurovascular dysfunction in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 97:101217","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"2066_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-015-0234-y","volume":"3","author":"OW Gramlich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gramlich OW, Ding QJ, Zhu W, Cook A, Anderson MG, Kuehn MH (2015) Adoptive transfer of immune cells from glaucomatous mice provokes retinal ganglion cell loss in recipients. Acta Neuropathol Commun 3:56","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"2066_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaqout S, Becker L-L, Kaindl AM (2020) Immunofluorescence Staining of Paraffin Sections Step by Step. Front Neuroanat [Internet]. [cited 2025 Feb 21];14. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/neuroanatomy\/articles\/10.3389\/fnana.2020.582218\/full","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2020.582218"},{"key":"2066_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddaway J, Richardson PE, Bevan RJ, Stoneman J, Palombo M (2023) Microglial morphometric analysis: so many options, so little consistency. Front Neuroinform [Internet]. [cited 2025 Feb 21];17. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/neuroinformatics\/articles\/10.3389\/fninf.2023.1211188\/full","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2023.1211188"},{"key":"2066_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13","volume":"73","author":"SL LIANG K-Y, ZEGER","year":"1986","unstructured":"LIANG K-Y, ZEGER SL (1986) Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73:13\u201322","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2066_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr1401_4","volume":"14","author":"W Revelle","year":"1979","unstructured":"Revelle W (1979) Hierarchical cluster analysis and the internal structure of tests. Multivar Behav Res 14:57\u201374","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"2066_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2019.0112","volume":"34","author":"K Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee K, Bae HW, Lee SY, Seong GJ, Kim CY (2020) Hierarchical cluster analysis of peripapillary retinal nerve Fiber layer damage and macular ganglion cell loss in open angle Glaucoma. Korean J Ophthalmol 34:56\u201366","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2066_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845","volume":"58","author":"Ward Jr","year":"1963","unstructured":"Ward Jr (1963) JH. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. J Am Stat Assoc 58:236\u2013244","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"2066_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997786","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.997786","volume":"13","author":"A Vidal-Itriago","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vidal-Itriago A, Radford RAW, Aramideh JA, Maurel C, Scherer NM, Don EK et al (2022) Microglia morphophysiological diversity and its implications for the CNS. Front Immunol 13:997786","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2066_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a017269","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017269","volume":"4","author":"I Soto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Soto I, Howell GR (2014) The complex role of neuroinflammation in Glaucoma. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 4:a017269","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"2066_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rombaut A, Brautaset R, Williams PA, Tribble JR Glial metabolic alterations during glaucoma pathogenesis. Front Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Dec 17];3. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/ophthalmology\/articles\/10.3389\/fopht.2023.1290465\/full","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2023.1290465"},{"key":"2066_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2020.12.009","volume":"145","author":"Y Shinozaki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shinozaki Y, Koizumi S (2021) Potential roles of astrocytes and M\u00fcller cells in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. J Pharmacol Sci 145:262\u2013267","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2066_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.339470","volume":"17","author":"Y-X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Y-X, Sun H, Guo W-Y (2022) Astrocyte polarization in glaucoma: a new opportunity. Neural Regeneration Res 17:2582","journal-title":"Neural Regeneration Res"},{"key":"2066_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.1104","volume":"64","author":"L Yuan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yuan L, Neufeld AH (2001) Activated microglia in the human glaucomatous optic nerve head. J Neurosci Res 64:523\u2013532","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"2066_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902372","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.902372","volume":"16","author":"C Ruan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruan C, Elyaman W (2022) A new Understanding of TMEM119 as a marker of microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 16:902372","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"2066_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4338","volume":"19","author":"RM Ransohoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ransohoff RM (2016) A polarizing question: do M1 and M2 microglia exist? Nat Neurosci 19:987\u2013991","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2066_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11132091","volume":"11","author":"MY Wendimu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wendimu MY, Hooks SB (2022) Microglia phenotypes in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Cells 11:2091","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2066_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673090","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/673090","volume":"2015","author":"MH Madeira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Madeira MH, Boia R, Santos PF, Ambr\u00f3sio AF, Santiago AR (2015) Contribution of Microglia-Mediated neuroinflammation to retinal degenerative diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015:673090","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"2066_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3RI0615-239R","volume":"98","author":"M Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen M, Xu H (2015) Parainflammation, chronic inflammation, and age-related macular degeneration. J Leukoc Biol 98:713\u2013725","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2066_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(02)00387-9","volume":"47","author":"TW Gardner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gardner TW, Antonetti DA, Barber AJ, LaNoue KF, Levison SW (2002) Diabetic retinopathy: more than Meets the eye. Surv Ophthalmol 47:S253\u2013S262","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2066_CR41","unstructured":"Fletcher EL, Phipps JA, Ward MM, Puthussery T, Wilkinson-Berka JL Neuronal and Glial Cell Abnormality as Predictors of Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy. http:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com [Internet]. [cited 2025 Mar 5]; Available from: https:\/\/www.eurekaselect.com\/article\/4768"},{"key":"2066_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61135","volume":"122","author":"GR Howell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Howell GR, Soto I, Zhu X, Ryan M, Macalinao DG, Sousa GL et al (2012) Radiation treatment inhibits monocyte entry into the optic nerve head and prevents neuronal damage in a mouse model of glaucoma. J Clin Invest 122:1246\u20131261","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2066_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16330","volume":"290","author":"F O\u2019Leary","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary F, Campbell M (2023) The blood\u2013retina barrier in health and disease. FEBS J 290:878\u2013891","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"2066_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.04.014","volume":"108","author":"AR Mehrabadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mehrabadi AR, Korolainen MA, Odero G, Miller DW, Kauppinen TM (2017) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 regulates microglia mediated decrease of endothelial tight junction integrity. Neurochem Int 108:266\u2013271","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"2066_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang L, Wei XT, Cell-Mediated Autoimmunity in Glaucoma Neurodegeneration. Frontiers in Immunology [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Mar 9];12. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.803485","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.803485"},{"key":"2066_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22855","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202202164R","volume":"37","author":"N-W Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan N-W, Zhu Q, Wang S, Ortiz G, Huckfeldt RM, Chen Y (2023) Long-lived autoreactive memory CD4 + T cells mediate the sustained retinopathy in chronic autoimmune uveitis. FASEB J 37:e22855","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2066_CR47","first-page":"572","volume":"65","author":"J Mayberry","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mayberry J, Zeng H, Kuehn MH (2024) Contribution of CD4 and CD8 cells to retinal ganglion cell loss in glaucoma. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 65:572","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Acta Neuropathologica Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40478-025-02066-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40478-025-02066-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40478-025-02066-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T10:42:15Z","timestamp":1781606535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40478-025-02066-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40478-025-02066-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-5960"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-5960","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Human eye tissue samples were obtained from the Lions NSW Eye Bank. Ethics approval for the use of these samples in research was obtained from the relevant institutional review board (Ref No. 52023319446659). Donor consent for the use of tissue and associated clinical records was obtained by the Lions NSW Eye Bank in accordance with institutional protocols and ethical guidelines, and in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT to rephrase some parts of the manuscript to increase readability and clarity. After using this tool\/service, the author reviewed and edited the content as needed and took full responsibility for the content of the publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Use of generative AI"}},{"value":"Some of these data will be presented at ARVO 2025, 4-8th May 2025, titled \u201cAlterations in Blood\u2012Retinal Barrier Integrity and Immune Cell Infiltration in Glaucoma: Evidence from Postmortem Tissues.\u201d","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Meeting presentation"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"141"}}