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While current therapies aim to increase SMN levels and preserve motor neurons, significant deficits remain in treated patients and non-neuronal manifestations of SMN deficiency are underexplored. Vascular abnormalities including intrinsic endothelial cell dysfunction, altered vessel morphology, and altered vascular distribution have been reported in preclinical SMA models. Here, we characterised vascular architecture and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) morphology and integrity in post-mortem spinal cord samples from severe SMA patients compared with unaffected controls. Von Willebrand Factor (vWF), a marker of endothelial cell health, was reduced within individual vascular endothelial cells, and associated with ultrastructural endothelial cell oedema, vacuolisation and compromised endothelial integrity. Ultrastructural damage extended to other components of the BSCB as evidenced by extravascular leakage of fibrinogen into the neural parenchyma and microglial activation consistent with a neuroinflammatory environment. Together, these findings suggest that vascular defects with associated dysfunction of the BSCB are present in the spinal cord of infants with severe SMA. This work adds to a growing body of evidence linking microvascular dysfunction to neurodegeneration in human neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies are warranted to define the contribution of vascular dysfunction to SMA pathogenesis and to assess whether current therapies adequately address this aspect of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-026-02232-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T10:23:11Z","timestamp":1771150991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Microvascular pathology in the spinal cord of severe spinal muscular atrophy patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hazel","family":"Allardyce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Lanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas O.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte J.","family":"Sumner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon H.","family":"Parson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2232_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1084\/JEM.20061931","volume":"204","author":"RA Adams","year":"2007","unstructured":"Adams RA, Bauer J, Flick MJ, Sikorski SL, Nuriel T, Lassmann H, Degen JL, Akassoglou K (2007) The fibrin-derived \u03b3377\u2013395 peptide inhibits microglia activation and suppresses relapsing paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease. 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