{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T19:53:07Z","timestamp":1792353187064,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["bord personal disord emot dysregul"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-025-00286-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T03:59:59Z","timestamp":1747022399000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Validating the Italian version of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale - Brief Form 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0): internal structure, temporal stability and construct validity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Emanuela S.","family":"Gritti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"De Carli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joost","family":"Hutsebaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Simonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"286_CR1","unstructured":"APA.\u00a0Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed.\u00a0Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013."},{"key":"286_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. ICD-11: International classification of diseases (11th revision). 2019. Retrieved from https:\/\/icd.who.int\/."},{"key":"286_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.12.006","volume":"140","author":"ES Gritti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gritti ES, Plouffe R, Blanch A. Editorial to special issue \u201cPersonality pathologies in the world: Beyond dichotomies.\u201d Pers Individ Dif. 2019;140:1\u20133.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif."},{"key":"286_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widiger TA, Samuel DB. Diagnostic categories or dimensions? A question for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fifth Edition. J Abnorm Psychol. 2005;114:494\u2013504.","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.4.494"},{"issue":"9","key":"286_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172000183X","volume":"50","author":"N Haslam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haslam N, McGrath MJ, Viechtbauer W, Kuppens P. Dimensions over categories: Ameta-analysis of taxometric research. Psychol Med. 2020;50(9):1418\u201332.","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"286_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharp C, Wright AGC, Christopher Fowler J, Christopher Frueh B, Allen JG, Oldham J, et al. The structure of personality pathology: Both general ('g\u2019) and specific ('s\u2019) factors? J Abnorm Psychol. 2015;124(2).","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000033"},{"issue":"4","key":"286_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.13.4.301","volume":"13","author":"JP Rushton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rushton JP, Irwing P, Booth T. A General Factor of Personality (GFP) in the personality disorders: Three studies of the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology - Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ). Twin Res Hum Genet. 2010;13(4):301\u201311.","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet."},{"issue":"3","key":"286_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2011.25.3.305","volume":"25","author":"CJ Hopwood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hopwood CJ, Malone JC, Ansell EB, Sanislow CA, Grilo CM, Mcglashan TH, et al. Personality assessment in DSM-5: Empirical support for rating severity, style, and traits. J Pers Disord. 2011;25(3):305\u201320.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord."},{"key":"286_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weekers LC, Hutsebaut J, Kamphuis JH. The Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0: Update of a brief instrument for assessing level of personality functioning. Personal Ment Health. 2019;13(1):3\u201314.","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1434"},{"issue":"12","key":"286_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-021-02870-w","volume":"30","author":"V Prevolnik Rupel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prevolnik Rupel V, Jagger B, Fialho LS, Chadderton LM, Gintner T, Arntz A, et al. Standard set of patient-reported outcomes for personality disorder. Qual Life Res. 2021;30(12):3485\u2013500.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res."},{"key":"286_CR11","volume-title":"Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism","author":"OF Kernberg","year":"1975","unstructured":"Kernberg OF. Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York: Janson Aronson; 1975."},{"key":"286_CR12","volume-title":"Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis OPD\u20132: Manual of diagnosis and treatment planning","author":"OPD Task Force","year":"2008","unstructured":"OPD Task Force. Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis OPD\u20132: Manual of diagnosis and treatment planning. Cambridge: Hogrefe & Huber; 2008."},{"issue":"5","key":"286_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2012.700664","volume":"94","author":"J Zimmermann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zimmermann J, Ehrenthal JC, Cierpka M, Schauenburg H, Doering S, Benecke C. Assessing the level of structural integration using operationalized psychodynamicdiagnosis (OPD): implications for DSM-5. J Pers Assess. 2012;94(5):522\u201332.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess."},{"key":"286_CR14","unstructured":"Lingiardi V, McWilliams N. Manuale Diagnostico Psicodinamico PDM-2. Seconda edizione. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore; 2020."},{"issue":"4","key":"286_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2011.583808","volume":"93","author":"DS Bender","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bender DS, Morey LC, Skodol AE. Toward a model for assessing level of personality functioning in DSM-5, part I: A review of theory and methods. J Pers Assess. 2011;93(4):332\u201346.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess."},{"key":"286_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.09.009","volume":"37","author":"M Birkh\u00f6lzer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Birkh\u00f6lzer M, Schmeck K, Goth K. Assessment of Criterion A. Curr Opin Psychol. 2021;37:98\u2013103.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol."},{"key":"286_CR17","first-page":"579","volume-title":"Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology","author":"J Zimmermann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zimmermann J, Hopwood CJ, Krueger RF. The DSM-5 Level of Personality Functioning Scale. In: Krueger RF, Blaney PH, editors. Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2023. p. 579\u2013603.","edition":"4"},{"key":"286_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bach B, Hutsebaut J. Level of Personality Functioning Scale\u2013Brief Form 2.0: Utility in Capturing Personality Problems in Psychiatric Outpatients and Incarcerated Addicts.\u00a0J Pers Assess. 2018;100(6):660\u201370. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2018.1428984.","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2018.1428984"},{"issue":"2","key":"286_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000352","volume":"11","author":"T Buer Christensen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buer Christensen T, Eikenaes I, Hummelen B, Pedersen G, Nys\u00e6ter TE, Bender DS, et al. Level of personality functioning as a predictor of psychosocial functioning-Concurrent validity of criterion A. Personal Disord. 2020;11(2):79\u201390.","journal-title":"Personal Disord."},{"key":"286_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Corff Y, Aluja A, Rossi G, Lapalme M, Forget K, Garc\u00eda LF, et al. Construct Validity of the Dutch, English, French, and Spanish Lpfs-Bf 2.0: Measurement Invariance Across Language and Gender and Criterion Validity. J Pers Disord. 2022;36(6):662\u201379.","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2022.36.6.662"},{"key":"286_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141akuta P, Cieciuch J, Strus W, Hutsebaut J. Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2.0: Validity and reliability of the Polish adaptation. Psychiatr Pol. 2022;57(2):247\u201360.","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/OnlineFirst\/145912"},{"key":"286_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natoli AP, Bach B, Behn A, Cottin M, Gritti ES, Hutsebaut J, et al. Multinational Evaluation of the Measurement Invariance of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale\u2013Brief Form 2.0: Comparison of Student and Community Samples Across Seven Countries. Psychol Assess. 2022;34(12):1112\u201325.","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001176"},{"key":"286_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi G, Diaz-Batanero C. Differentiation of Self and Interpersonal Functioning with the Level of Personality Functioning Scale - Brief Form 2.0. J Pers Assess. 2024;106(1):60\u201371.","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2023.2218931"},{"key":"286_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva de Oliveira ES, Zimmermann J, Krueger RF, Hutsebaut J. Brazilian Version of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 2 . 0 : Evidence of Reliability and Validity Vers\u00e3o Brasileira da Escala de N\u00edvel de Funcionamento da Personalidade \u2013 Forma Breve \u2013 2 . 0 : Evid\u00eancia de Fidedignidade e Validade. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa. 2023;39e05(39):1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1590\/0102.3772e39nspe05.en"},{"issue":"7","key":"286_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1343-2396","volume":"71","author":"C Spitzer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spitzer C, M\u00fcller S, Kerber A, Hutsebaut J, Br\u00e4hler E, Zimmermann J. The German Version of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale-Brief Form 20 (LPFS-BF): Latent Structure, Convergent Validity and Norm Values in the General Population. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2021;71(7):284\u201393.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol."},{"key":"286_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone LE, Segal DL, Noel OR. Psychometric Evaluation of the Levels of Personality Functioning Scale\u2014Brief Form 2.0 Among Older Adults. Personal Disord. 2021;12(6):526\u201333.","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000413"},{"key":"286_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weekers LC, Sellbom M, Hutsebaut J, Simonsen S, Bach B. Normative data for the LPFS-BF 2.0 derived from the Danish general population and relationship with psychosocial impairment. Personal\u00a0Ment Health. 2023;17(2):157\u201364.","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1570"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"286_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000507377","volume":"53","author":"J Zimmermann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zimmermann J, M\u00fcller S, Bach B, Hutsebaut J, Hummelen B, Fischer F. A Common Metric for Self-Reported Severity of Personality Disorder. Psychopathology. 2020;53(3\u20134):168\u201378.","journal-title":"Psychopathology."},{"issue":"2","key":"286_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2021_35_531","volume":"36","author":"CF Bliton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bliton CF, Roche MJ, Pincus AL, Dueber D. Examining the Structure and Validity of Self-Report Measures of Dsm-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders Criterion A. J Pers Disord. 2022;36(2):157\u201382.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"286_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000159","volume":"7","author":"J Hutsebaut","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hutsebaut J, Feenstra DJ, Kamphuis JH. Development and Preliminary PsychometricEvaluation of a Brief Self-Report Questionnaire for the Assessment of the DSM-5 Levelof Personality Functioning Scale: The LPFS Brief Form (LPFS-BF). Personal Disord. 2016;7(2):192\u20137.","journal-title":"Personal Disord."},{"key":"286_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weekers LC, Sellbom M, Hutsebaut J, Simonsen S, Bach B. Normative data for the LPFS-BF 2.0 derived from the Danish general population and relationship with psychosocial impairment. Personal Ment Health. 2023;17(2):157\u201364.","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1570"},{"key":"286_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buer Christensen T,\u00a0Eikenaes I,\u00a0Hummelen B,\u00a0PedersenG,\u00a0Nys\u00e6ter TE,\u00a0Bender DS, et al. Level of personality functioning as a predictor of psychosocial functioning-Concurrent validity of criterion A.\u00a0Personal Disord.\u00a02020;11(2):79\u201390.","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000352"},{"issue":"6","key":"286_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2017.1420660","volume":"100","author":"CJ Hopwood","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hopwood CJ, Good EW, Morey LC. Validity of the DSM\u20135 Levels of Personality Functioning Scale-Self Report. J Pers Assess. 2018;100(6):650\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess."},{"issue":"10","key":"286_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000450","volume":"29","author":"LC Morey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morey LC. Development and Initial Evaluation of a Self-Report Form of the DSM\u20135Level of Personality Functioning Scale. Psychol Assess. 2017;29(10):1302\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021146","volume":"23","author":"DR Lynam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lynam DR, Gaughan ET, Miller JD, Miller DJ, Mullins-Sweatt S, Widiger TA. Assessing the Basic Traits Associated With Psychopathy: Development and Validation of the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment. Psychol Assess. 2011;23(1):108\u201324.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"key":"286_CR36","first-page":"389","volume-title":"Handbook of cross-cultural psychology","author":"RW Brislin","year":"1980","unstructured":"Brislin RW. Translation and content analysis of oral and written material. In: Triandis HC, Berry JW, editors. Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, vol. 1. Boston: Allyn & Bacon; 1980. p. 389\u2013444."},{"key":"286_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/0471264385.wei1005","volume-title":"Handbook of psychology: Assessment psychology","author":"KF Geisinger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Geisinger KF. Testing and assessment in cross-cultural psychology. In: Graham R, Naglieri JA, editors. Handbook of psychology: Assessment psychology. Hoboken: Wiley; 2003. p. 95\u2013117."},{"key":"286_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040.1.2.89","volume":"1","author":"FJR Van de Vijver","year":"1996","unstructured":"Van de Vijver FJR, Hambleton RK. Translating tests: Some practical guidelines. Eur Psychol. 1996;1:89\u201399.","journal-title":"Eur Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"286_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.13.4.577","volume":"13","author":"MF Lenzenweger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lenzenweger MF, Clarkin JF, Kernberg OF, Foelsch PA. The inventory of personality organization: Psychometric properties, factorial composition, and criterion relations with affect, aggressive dyscontrol, psychosis proneness, and self-domains in a nonclinical sample. Psychol Assess. 2001;13(4):577\u201391.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"issue":"2","key":"286_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000119","volume":"6","author":"E Preti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Preti E, Prunas A, De Panfilis C, Marchesi C, Madeddu F, Clarkin JF. The facets of identity: Personality pathology assessment through the inventory of personality organization. Personal Disord. 2015;6(2):129\u201340.","journal-title":"Personal Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"286_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026264","volume":"24","author":"WD Ellison","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ellison WD, Levy KN. Factor structure of the primary scales of the inventory of personality organization in a nonclinical sample using exploratory structural equation modeling. Psychol Assess. 2012;24(2):503\u201317.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"issue":"2","key":"286_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2019.1705463","volume":"103","author":"S H\u00f6rz-Sagstetter","year":"2020","unstructured":"H\u00f6rz-Sagstetter S, Volkert J, Rentrop M, Benecke C, Gremaud-Heitz DJ, Unterrainer HF, et al. A Bifactor Model of Personality Organization. J Pers Assess. 2020;103(2):149\u201360.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess."},{"key":"286_CR43","volume-title":"Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-32\/IIP-64)","author":"LM Horowitz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Horowitz LM, Alden LE, Wiggins JS, Pincus AL. Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-32\/IIP-64). London: Psychological Corporation; 2000."},{"key":"286_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00341","volume":"9","author":"G Lo Coco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lo Coco G, Mannino G, Salerno L, Oieni V, Di Fratello C, Profita G, et al. The italian version of the inventory of interpersonal problems (IIP-32): Psychometric properties and factor structure in clinical and non-clinical groups. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"286_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bach B, Kerber A, Aluja A, Bastiaens T, Keeley JW, Claes L, et al. International assessment of DSM-5 and ICD-11 Personality Disorder Traits: Toward a Common Nosology in DSM-5.1. Psychopathology. 2020;(3\u20134):179\u201388.","DOI":"10.1159\/000507589"},{"issue":"9","key":"286_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002674","volume":"42","author":"RF Krueger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krueger RF, Derringer J, Markon KE, Watson D, Skodol AE. Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychol Med. 2012;42(9):1879\u201390.","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"286_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.42.3.241","volume":"42","author":"J Zabora","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zabora J, Brintzenhofeszoc K, Jacobsen P, Curbow B, Piantadosi S, Hooker C, et al. A new psychosocial screening instrument for use with cancer patients. Psychosomatics. 2001;42(3):241\u20136.","journal-title":"Psychosomatics."},{"issue":"8","key":"286_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2010.12.006","volume":"27","author":"A Prunas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prunas A, Sarno I, Preti E, Madeddu F, Perugini M. Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the SCL-90-R: A study on a large community sample. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(8):591\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"issue":"31","key":"286_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.07.012","volume":"88","author":"D Carrozzino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carrozzino D, Siri C, Bech P. The prevalence of psychological distress in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: The brief symptom inventory (BSI-18) versus the Hopkins symptom checklist (SCL-90-R). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;88(31):96\u2013101.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"286_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02559","volume":"10","author":"A Musetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Musetti A, Mancini T, Corsano P, Santoro G, Cavallini MC, Schimmenti A. Maladaptive Personality Functioning and Psychopathological Symptoms in Problematic Video Game Players: A Person-Centered Approach. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"286_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellantuono. Psychiatric screening in general practice in Italy _ Enhanced Reader.\u00a01987.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00584015"},{"issue":"3","key":"286_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(93)90048-9","volume":"34","author":"M Piccinelli","year":"1993","unstructured":"Piccinelli M, Bisoffi G, Bon MG, Cunico L, Tansella M. Validity coefficients of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire in general practice: a comparison between three scoring methods. Compr Psychiatry. 1993;34(3):198\u2013205.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"286_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1980.tb00024.x","volume":"53","author":"MH Banks","year":"1980","unstructured":"Banks MH, Clegg CW, Jackson PR, Kemp NJ, Stafford EM, Wall TD. The use of the General Health Questionnaire as an indicator of mental health in occupational studies. J Occup Psychol. 1980;53:187\u201394.","journal-title":"J Occup Psychol."},{"key":"286_CR54","volume-title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research","author":"TA Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown TA. Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. New York: Guilford Press; 2014."},{"key":"286_CR55","volume-title":"Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling","author":"TD Little","year":"2013","unstructured":"Little TD. Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling. New York: Guilford Press; 2013."},{"issue":"4","key":"286_CR56","first-page":"484","volume":"3","author":"DB Flora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Flora DB. Your Coefficient Alpha Is Probably Wrong, but Which Coefficient Omega Is Right? A Tutorial on Using R to Obtain Better Reliability Estimates. Adv Methods Psychol Sci. 2020;3(4):484\u2013501.","journal-title":"Adv Methods Psychol Sci."},{"key":"286_CR57","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2020."},{"key":"286_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosseel Y. \u201clavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling.\u201d . J Stat Softw. 2012;48(2):1\u201336.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"issue":"2","key":"286_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.87.2.245","volume":"87","author":"JH Steiger","year":"1980","unstructured":"Steiger JH. Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychol Bull. 1980;87(2):245\u201351.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"286_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000383","volume":"11","author":"CE Sleep","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sleep CE, Weiss B, Lynam DR, Miller JD. The DSM-5 Section III Personality Disorder Criterion A in Relation to Both Pathological and General Personality Traits. Personal Disord. 2019;11(3):202\u201312.","journal-title":"Personal Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"286_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1414","volume":"12","author":"CJ Hopwood","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hopwood CJ. A framework for treating DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorder features. Personal Ment Health. 2018;12(2):107\u201325.","journal-title":"Personal Ment Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"286_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890701356987","volume":"89","author":"RJ Ganellen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ganellen RJ. Assessing Normal and Abnormal Personality Functioning: Strengths and Weaknesses of Self-Report, Observer, and Performance-Based Methods. J Pers Assess. 2007;89(1):30\u201340.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess."},{"key":"286_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell DT, Fiske DW. Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Vol. 56, Psychological Bulletin. US: American Psychological Association; 1959. p. 81\u2013105.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046016"},{"key":"286_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11383-000","volume-title":"Handbook of multimethod measurement in psychology","author":"M Eid","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eid M, Diener E. Handbook of multimethod measurement in psychology. In: Eid M, Diener E, editors. Handbook of multimethod measurement in psychology. Washington, DC: AmericanPsychological Association; 2006."},{"key":"286_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gritti ES, Marino DP, Lang M, Meyer GJ. Assessing Narcissism Using Rorschach-Based Imagery and Behavior Validated by Clinician Reports: Studies With Adult Patients and Nonpatients. Assessment.\u00a02018;25(7).\u00a0Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191117715728.","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191117715728"},{"key":"286_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gritti ES, Meyer GJ, Bornstein RF, Marino DP, di DP, Marco JD. Narcissism and Reactions to a Self-Esteem Insult: An Experiment Using Predictions from Self-Report and the Rorschach Task. J Pers Assess [Internet]. 2021;103(5):621\u2013633.33. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2020.1848854.","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2020.1848854"},{"key":"286_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy BA, Lilienfeld SO. Are self-report cognitive empathy ratings valid proxies for cognitive empathy ability? Negligible meta-analytic relations with behavioral task performance. Psychol Assess. 2019;31(8):1062\u201372.","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000732"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-025-00318-y","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000}}],"container-title":["Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00286-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00286-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00286-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T11:11:49Z","timestamp":1760440309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpded.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00286-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00286-3","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1186\/s40479-025-00318-y","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2051-6673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-6673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00318-y","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00318-y","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants whose data were used in the analyses provided a valid written informed consent, and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization of the University of Padova (Protocol No. 3953).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Participants who took part in the study provided written informed consent for the publication of the data collection results in anonymized, aggregated form.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16"}}