{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:51:06Z","timestamp":1790293866615,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005722","name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["bord personal disord emot dysregul"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Emotion dysregulation is a central feature in trauma-associated disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, it remains unclear whether emotion dysregulation is a transdiagnostic phenomenon closely linked to childhood trauma, or if disorder-specific alterations in emotion processing exist. Following a multimethodological approach, we aimed to assess and compare the reactivity to and regulation of emotions between patients with BPD and PTSD, as well as healthy controls, and identify associations with childhood trauma.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 135 women, 43 healthy controls, 43 with BPD and 49 with PTSD, took part in a multimethodological assessment of emotional reactivity and regulation. Self-report measures were used to assess childhood trauma and emotion dysregulation. Additionally, participants performed a classic emotion regulation (ER) paradigm. Subjective emotional valence ratings and neurophysiological responses (P3 and late positive potential, LPP) were measured in response to negative, positive, and neutral pictures (emotional reactivity) and during active regulation vs. passive viewing of negative pictures (ER).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Regarding emotional reactivity, during the experimental paradigm both patient groups reported lower emotional valence after viewing positive or neutral pictures compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, P3 amplitudes in response to neutral pictures were reduced in both patient groups and in response to negative pictures, specifically in patients with PTSD. Regarding ER, while both patient groups self-reported significant disturbances in ER, neither valence ratings nor neurophysiological responses assessed during the ER task (P3, LPP) differed from healthy controls. Across groups, childhood trauma was related to decreased emotional valence ratings on neutral and positive pictures and higher self-reported emotion dysregulation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Patients with BPD and PTSD exhibited a reduced emotional reactivity in response to positive and neutral information. Specifically, patients with PTSD demonstrated hypo-reactivity to neutral and trauma-unrelated negative stimuli, which might be due to altered attentional resource allocation following trauma. Although patients reported using adaptive ER strategies less frequently in daily life, they effectively implemented them when instructed to, highlighting important clinical and theoretical implications.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-025-00313-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T11:14:39Z","timestamp":1757502879000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Psychological and neurophysiological measures of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"G\u00f6hre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Back","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Sch\u00fctz-Bosbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaoyue","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"Wolkenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Rupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Bertsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2014.980753","volume":"44","author":"AV Seligowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seligowski AV, Lee DJ, Bardeen JR, Orcutt HK. Emotion regulation and posttraumatic stress symptoms: a meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther. 2015;44(2):87\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16506073.2014.980753.","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0335-2","volume":"15","author":"RW Carpenter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carpenter RW, Trull TJ. Components of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15(1):335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-012-0335-2.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/cpsp.12193","volume":"24","author":"TL Messman-Moore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Messman-Moore TL, Bhuptani PH. A review of the long-term impact of child maltreatment on posttraumatic stress disorder and its comorbidities: an emotion dysregulation perspective. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2017;24(2):154\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cpsp.12193.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Pract"},{"key":"313_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.08.008","volume":"39","author":"JR Kuo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuo JR, Khoury JE, Metcalfe R, Fitzpatrick S, Goodwill A. An examination of the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and borderline personality disorder features: the role of difficulties with emotion regulation. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;39:147\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.08.008.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"313_CR5","unstructured":"Linehan MM. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford; 2018."},{"issue":"4","key":"313_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2015-0045","volume":"27","author":"A R\u00edo-Casanova Ld, Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2016","unstructured":"R\u00edo-Casanova Ld, Gonz\u00e1lez A, P\u00e1ramo M, Dijke AV, Brenlla J. Emotion regulation strategies in trauma-related disorders: pathways linking neurobiology and clinical manifestations. Rev Neurosci. 2016;27(4):385\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/revneuro-2015-0045.","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"313_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.271","volume":"2","author":"JJ Gross","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gross JJ. The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Rev Gen Psychol. 1998;2(3):271\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.271.","journal-title":"Rev Gen Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2014.940781","volume":"26","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gross JJ. Emotion regulation: current status and future prospects. Psychol Inq. 2015;26(1):1\u201326.","journal-title":"Psychol Inq"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000487008","volume":"51","author":"AR Daros","year":"2018","unstructured":"Daros AR, Guevara MA, Uliaszek AA, McMain SF, Ruocco AC. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies in borderline personality disorder: diagnostic comparisons and associations with potentially harmful behaviors. Psychopathology. 2018;51(2):83\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000487008.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"313_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2010.04.004","volume":"41","author":"T Ehring","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ehring T, Quack D. Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: the role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behav Ther. 2010;41(4):587\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beth.2010.04.004.","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"313_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2012.12.019","volume":"54","author":"KL Dixon-Gordon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dixon-Gordon KL, Gratz KL, Tull MT. Multimodal assessment of emotional reactivity in borderline personality pathology: the moderating role of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(6):639\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2012.12.019.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"313_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-017-0077-1","volume":"4","author":"TD Kockler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kockler TD, Tschacher W, Santangelo PS, Limberger MF, Ebner-Priemer UW. Specificity of emotion sequences in borderline personality disorder compared to posttraumatic stress disorder, bulimia nervosa, and healthy controls: an e-diary study. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2017;4: 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40479-017-0077-1.","journal-title":"Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94","volume":"26","author":"KL Gratz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2004;26(1):41\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94.","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"5","key":"313_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12027","volume":"7","author":"K McRae","year":"2013","unstructured":"McRae K. Emotion regulation frequency and success: separating constructs from methods and time scale. Soc Pers Psychol Compass. 2013;7(5):289\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/spc3.12027.","journal-title":"Soc Pers Psychol Compass"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000646","volume":"20","author":"B Cludius","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cludius B, Mennin D, Ehring T. Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic process. Emotion. 2020;20(1):37\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0000646.","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"313_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2022.03.008","volume":"176","author":"A MacNamara","year":"2022","unstructured":"MacNamara A, Joyner K, Klawohn J. Event-related potential studies of emotion regulation: a review of recent progress and future directions. Int J Psychophysiol. 2022;176:73\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2022.03.008.","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640903526504","volume":"35","author":"G Hajcak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hajcak G, MacNamara A, Olvet DM. Event-related potentials, emotion, and emotion regulation: an integrative review. Dev Neuropsychol. 2010;35(2):129\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/87565640903526504.","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"313_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2007.11.006","volume":"77","author":"JK Olofsson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Olofsson JK, Nordin S, Sequeira H, Polich J. Affective picture processing: an integrative review of ERP findings. Biol Psychol. 2008;77(3):247\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2007.11.006.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.02.009","volume":"87","author":"R Thiruchselvam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thiruchselvam R, Blechert J, Sheppes G, Rydstrom A, Gross JJ. The temporal dynamics of emotion regulation: an EEG study of distraction and reappraisal. Biol Psychol. 2011;87(1):84\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.02.009.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"313_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nst116","volume":"9","author":"S Sch\u00f6nfelder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nfelder S, Kanske P, Heissler J, Wessa M. Time course of emotion-related responding during distraction and reappraisal. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014;9(9):1310\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nst116.","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"313_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss089","volume":"8","author":"J F\u00fcst\u00f6s","year":"2012","unstructured":"F\u00fcst\u00f6s J, Gramann K, Herbert BM, Pollatos O. On the embodiment of emotion regulation: interoceptive awareness facilitates reappraisal. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2012;8(8):911\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nss089.","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"313_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-015-9339-z","volume":"9","author":"S Gan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gan S, Yang J, Chen X, Yang Y. The electrocortical modulation effects of different emotion regulation strategies. Cogn Neurodyn. 2015;9(4):399\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11571-015-9339-z.","journal-title":"Cogn Neurodyn"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000487363","volume":"51","author":"K Bertsch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bertsch K, Hillmann K, Herpertz Sabine C. Behavioral and neurobiological correlates of disturbed emotion processing in borderline personality disorder. Psychopathology. 2018;51(2):76\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000487363.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"313_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/hrp.0000000000000212","volume":"27","author":"AR Daros","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daros AR, Williams GE. A meta-analysis and systematic review of emotion-regulation strategies in borderline personality disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2019;27(4):217\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/hrp.0000000000000212.","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"313_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33137\/jns.v2i1.34758","author":"SB Qaisar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qaisar SB. Emotional responsiveness in borderline personality disorder: a review of self-report and physiological measures. UTSC\u2019s Journal of Natural Sciences. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33137\/jns.v2i1.34758.","journal-title":"UTSC's Journal of Natural Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2002.01002.x","volume":"36","author":"BT Litz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Litz BT, Litz BT, Gray MJ, Australian. New Z J Psychiatry. 2002;36(2):198\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2002.01002.x.","journal-title":"New Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"313_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.106.3.832-844","volume":"106","author":"G Nietlisbach","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nietlisbach G, Maercker A, R\u00f6sler W, Haker H. Are empathic abilities impaired in posttraumatic stress disorder?? Psychol Rep. 2010;106(3):832\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.106.3.832-844.","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"313_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0001335","author":"C Clinchard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Clinchard C, Harp NR, Lorenz T, Neta M. Proposing a model whereby negative valence bias increases the risk for more severe dysphoric posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptomology. Emotion. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0001335.","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2018_32_382","volume":"34","author":"R Bortolla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bortolla R, Cavicchioli M, Fossati A, Maffei C. Emotional reactivity in borderline personality disorder: theoretical considerations based on a meta-analytic review of laboratory studies. J Pers Disord. 2020;34(1):64\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi_2018_32_382.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"313_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2009.10.006","volume":"181","author":"MA Marissen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marissen MA, Meuleman L, Franken IH. Altered emotional information processing in borderline personality disorder: an electrophysiological study. Psychiatry Res. 2010;181(3):226\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2009.10.006.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"313_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2897","volume":"30","author":"JM Lopez-Villatoro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lopez-Villatoro JM, Diaz-Marsa M, Garcia-Ramos A, Galvez-Merlin A, Carrasco JL. Altered emotional response pattern related to complex trauma in patients with borderline personality disorder. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2023;30(6):1256\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.2897.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"issue":"6","key":"313_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181a61c68","volume":"197","author":"EJ Wolf","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wolf EJ, Miller MW, McKinney AE. Emotional processing in PTSD: heightened negative emotionality to unpleasant photographic stimuli. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009;197(6):419\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181a61c68.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0007-0","volume":"167","author":"M Wessa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wessa M, Karl A, Flor H. Central and peripheral psychophysiological responses to trauma-related cues in subclinical posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Exp Brain Res. 2005;167(1):56\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-005-0007-0.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"313_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071289","volume":"8","author":"M Burgmer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgmer M, Rehbein MA, Wrenger M, Kandil J, Heuft G, Steinberg C, et al. Early affective processing in patients with acute posttraumatic stress disorder: magnetoencephalographic correlates. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e71289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0071289.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"313_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459608986350","volume":"85","author":"AV Bleich","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bleich AV, Attias J, Furman V. Effect of repeated visual traumatic stimuli on the event related P3 brain potential in post-traumatic stress disorder. Int J Neurosci. 1996;85(1\u20132):45\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00207459608986350.","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-5380-1-5","volume":"1","author":"A Javanbakht","year":"2011","unstructured":"Javanbakht A, Liberzon I, Amirsadri A, Gjini K, Boutros NN. Event-related potential studies of post-traumatic stress disorder: a critical review and synthesis. Biol Mood Anxiety Disord. 2011;1(1):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2045-5380-1-5.","journal-title":"Biol Mood Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"313_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.06.041","volume":"220","author":"C Sauer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sauer C, Arens EA, Stopsack M, Spitzer C, Barnow S. Emotional hyper-reactivity in borderline personality disorder is related to trauma and interpersonal themes. Psychiatry Res. 2014;220(1\u20132):468\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.06.041.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000351122","volume":"47","author":"B Matzke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Matzke B, Herpertz SC, Berger C, Fleischer M, Domes G. Facial reactions during emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder: a facial electromyography study. Psychopathology. 2014;47(2):101\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000351122.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"313_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.10.024","volume":"69","author":"A Limberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Limberg A, Barnow S, Freyberger HJ, Hamm AO. Emotional vulnerability in borderline personality disorder is cue specific and modulated by traumatization. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69(6):574\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.10.024.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"313_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2015.03.005","volume":"48","author":"J Lobbestael","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lobbestael J, Arntz A. Emotional hyperreactivity in response to childhood abuse by primary caregivers in patients with borderline personality disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2015;48:125\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2015.03.005.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.03.004","volume":"71","author":"A Karl","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karl A, Malta LS, Maercker A. Meta-analytic review of event-related potential studies in post-traumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychol. 2006;71(2):123\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.03.004.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"313_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flasbeck V, Juckel G, Br\u00fcne M. Evidence for altered neural processing in patients with borderline personality disorder A review of Event-Related potential studies. J Psychophysiol. 2020;35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/0269-8803\/a000271.","DOI":"10.1027\/0269-8803\/a000271"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297641","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2023.2297641","volume":"15","author":"F Salas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salas F, Nvo-Fern\u00e1ndez M, Leiva-Bianchi M, S\u00e1ez DA, P\u00e1eza GS, Garc\u00eda MV, et al. Components of event-related potentials and borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2023;15(1):2297641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008066.2023.2297641.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"313_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.009","volume":"263","author":"S Popkirov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Popkirov S, Flasbeck V, Schlegel U, Juckel G, Br\u00fcne M. Alexithymia in borderline personality disorder is not associated with deficits in automatic visual processing of negative emotional stimuli. Psychiatry Res. 2018;263:121\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.009.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"313_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01434-4","volume":"272","author":"M Andermann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andermann M, Izurieta Hidalgo NA, Rupp A, Schmahl C, Herpertz SC, Bertsch K. Behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of emotional face processing in borderline personality disorder: are there differences between men and women? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2022;272(8):1583\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-022-01434-4.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.140215","volume":"41","author":"NA Izurieta Hidalgo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Izurieta Hidalgo NA, Oelkers-Ax R, Nagy K, Mancke F, Bohus M, Herpertz SC, et al. Time course of facial emotion processing in women with borderline personality disorder: an ERP study. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2016;41(1):16\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/jpn.140215.","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"313_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-017-0841-7","volume":"268","author":"I Schneider","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schneider I, Bertsch K, Izurieta Hidalgo NA, M\u00fcller LE, Schmahl C, Herpertz SC. Remnants and changes in facial emotion processing in women with remitted borderline personality disorder: an EEG study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018;268(4):429\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-017-0841-7.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.05.015","volume":"233","author":"R Saar-Ashkenazy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saar-Ashkenazy R, Shalev H, Kanthak MK, Guez J, Friedman A, Cohen JE. Altered processing of visual emotional stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder: an event-related potential study. Psychiatry Res. 2015;233(2):165\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.05.015.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"313_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.12.001","volume":"249","author":"JM Fitzgerald","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fitzgerald JM, MacNamara A, DiGangi JA, Kennedy AE, Rabinak CA, Patwell R, et al. An electrocortical investigation of voluntary emotion regulation in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2016;249:113\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.12.001.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"313_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12392","volume":"52","author":"SH Woodward","year":"2015","unstructured":"Woodward SH, Shurick AA, Alvarez J, Kuo J, Nonyieva Y, Blechert J, et al. A psychophysiological investigation of emotion regulation in chronic severe posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychophysiology. 2015;52(5):667\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.12392.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"313_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2738","volume":"29","author":"KM Sorgi-Wilson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sorgi-Wilson KM, McCloskey MS. Emotion regulation strategies among individuals with borderline personality disorder relative to other groups: a review. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2022;29(5):1655\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.2738.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"313_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113712","volume":"297","author":"NM Christ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Christ NM, Elhai JD, Forbes CN, Gratz KL, Tull MT. A machine learning approach to modeling PTSD and difficulties in emotion regulation. Psychiatry Res. 2021;297: 113712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113712.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"313_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.06.010","volume":"66","author":"HW Koenigsberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koenigsberg HW, Fan J, Ochsner KN, Liu X, Guise KG, Pizzarello S, et al. Neural correlates of the use of psychological distancing to regulate responses to negative social cues: a study of patients with borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;66(9):854\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.06.010.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"313_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718002489","volume":"49","author":"A Krause-Utz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krause-Utz A, Walther J-C, Lis S, Schmahl C, Bohus M. Heart rate variability during a cognitive reappraisal task in female patients with borderline personality disorder: the role of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociation. Psychol Med. 2019;49(11):1810\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291718002489.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01561-6","volume":"18","author":"KA McLaughlin","year":"2020","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA, Colich NL, Rodman AM, Weissman DG. Mechanisms linking childhood trauma exposure and psychopathology: a transdiagnostic model of risk and resilience. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-020-01561-6.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000721","volume":"21","author":"YU Girme","year":"2021","unstructured":"Girme YU, Jones RE, Fleck C, Simpson JA, Overall NC. Infants\u2019 attachment insecurity predicts attachment-relevant emotion regulation strategies in adulthood. Emotion. 2021;21(2):260\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0000721.","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"Suppl B","key":"313_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2020_34_480","volume":"34","author":"LE Brumariu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brumariu LE, Owen MT, Dyer N, Lyons-Ruth K. Developmental pathways to BPD-related features in adolescence: infancy to age 15. J Pers Disord. 2020;34(Suppl B):104\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi_2020_34_480.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"313_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S190","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001261","volume":"16","author":"A Flechsenhar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Flechsenhar A, Seitz KI, Bertsch K, Herpertz SC. The association between psychopathology, childhood trauma, and emotion processing. Psychol Trauma. 2024;16(Suppl 1):S190\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001261.","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"313_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01636-w","volume":"29","author":"MM Assed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Assed MM, Khafif TC, Belizario GO, Fatorelli R, Rocca CCA, de P\u00e1dua Serafim A. Facial emotion recognition in maltreated children: A systematic review. J Child Fam Stud. 2020;29(5):1493\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10826-019-01636-w.","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"313_CR60","first-page":"18","volume":"65","author":"CB Nemeroff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nemeroff CB. Neurobiological consequences of childhood trauma. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(Suppl 1):18\u201328.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/cpsp.12198","volume":"24","author":"D Cross","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cross D, Fani N, Powers A, Bradley B. Neurobiological development in the context of childhood trauma. Clin Psychol (New York). 2017;24(2):111\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cpsp.12198.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol (New York)"},{"issue":"4","key":"313_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2017.1333147","volume":"20","author":"V Flasbeck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flasbeck V, Bj\u00f6rn E, Br\u00fcne M. Childhood trauma affects processing of social interactions in borderline personality disorder: an event-related potential study investigating empathy for pain. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2019;20(4):278\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15622975.2017.1333147.","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"313_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu J, Liu Y, Zhang L, Wang N, Kohn N, Duan H. Integrating the pattern of negative emotion processing and acute stress response with childhood stress among healthy young adults. Stress. 2023;26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10253890.2023.2195503.","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2023.2195503"},{"issue":"3","key":"313_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-024-00621-w","volume":"17","author":"SD Clarke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Clarke SD, Riser DK, Schmidt MS. Electrocortical correlates of emotion processing and resilience in individuals with adverse childhood experiences. J Child Adolesc Trauma. 2024;17(3):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40653-024-00621-w.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13353","volume":"57","author":"J Sill","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sill J, Popov T, Schauer M, Elbert T. Rapid brain responses to affective pictures indicate dimensions of trauma-related psychopathology in adolescents. Psychophysiology. 2020;57(1): e13353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.13353.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0147357","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147357","volume":"11","author":"HL Pincham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pincham HL, Bryce D, Kokorikou D, Fonagy P, Fearon RMP. Psychosocial intervention is associated with altered emotion processing: an event-related potential study in at-risk adolescents. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147357.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"313_CR67","unstructured":"Loranger AW, Sartorius N, Andreoli A, Berger P, Buchheim P, Channabasavanna SM, Coid B, Dahl AA, Diekstra RFW, Ferguson B. Deutschsprachige Fassung der International personality disorder examination. IPDE. Genf: WHO; 1998."},{"key":"313_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1037\/cap0000026","volume":"56","author":"D Carcone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carcone D, Tokarz V, Ruocco A. A systematic review on the reliability and validity of semistructured diagnostic interviews for borderline personality disorder. Can Psychol. 2015;56:208\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cap0000026.","journal-title":"Can Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"313_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000486","volume":"30","author":"FW Weathers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weathers FW, Bovin MJ, Lee DJ, Sloan DM, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, et al. The clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychol Assess. 2018;30(3):383\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000486.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"6","key":"313_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191118774840","volume":"27","author":"M M\u00fcller- Engelmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Engelmann M, Schnyder U, Dittmann C, Priebe K, Bohus M, Thome J, et al. Psychometric properties and factor structure of the German version of the clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM-5. Assessment. 2020;27(6):1128\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191118774840.","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"313_CR71","unstructured":"First MB, Williams JBW, Karg RS, Spitzer RL. Structured clinical interview for DSM-5 disorders, clinician version (SCID-5-CV). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2016."},{"issue":"12","key":"313_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12931","volume":"73","author":"FL Os\u00f3rio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Os\u00f3rio FL, Loureiro SR, Hallak JEC, Machado-de-Sousa JP, Ushirohira JM, Baes CVW, et al. Clinical validity and intrarater and test\u2013retest reliability of the structured clinical interview for DSM-5 \u2013 Clinician version (SCID-5-CV). J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2019;73(12):754\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pcn.12931.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/s0145-2134(02)00541-0","volume":"27","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb MD, Walker E, Pogge D, Ahluvalia T, et al. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(2):169\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0145-2134(02)00541-0.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"11","key":"313_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1247564","volume":"60","author":"K Wingenfeld","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wingenfeld K, Spitzer C, Mensebach C, Grabe HJ, Hill A, Gast U, et al. The German version of the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ): preliminary psychometric properties. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2010;60(11):442\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0030-1247564.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"313_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000002","volume":"26","author":"P Spinhoven","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spinhoven P, Penninx BW, Hickendorff M, van Hemert AM, Bernstein DP, Elzinga BM. Childhood trauma questionnaire: factor structure, measurement invariance, and validity across emotional disorders. Psychol Assess. 2014;26(3):717\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000002.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"313_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hallion LS, Steinman SA, Tolin DF, Diefenbach GJ. Psychometric properties of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS) and its short forms in adults with emotional disorders. Front Psychol. 2018;9\u20132018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00539.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00539"},{"key":"313_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000099","author":"L Ritschel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ritschel L, Tone E, Schoemann A, Lim N. Psychometric properties of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale across demographic groups. Psychol Assess. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000099.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"313_CR78","unstructured":"Hautzinger M, Keller F, K\u00fchner C. BDI-II. Beck-Depressions-Inventar. Revision. 2. Auflage. Frankfurt am Main: Pearson Assessment; 2006."},{"issue":"4","key":"313_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2012-1048","volume":"35","author":"YP Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang YP, Gorenstein C. Psychometric properties of the beck depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review. Braz J Psychiatry. 2013;35(4):416\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1516-4446-2012-1048.","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"313_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq216","volume":"21","author":"P Kanske","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kanske P, Heissler J, Sch\u00f6nfelder S, Bongers A, Wessa M. How to regulate emotion? Neural networks for reappraisal and distraction. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21(6):1379\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhq216.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"313_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2006.00402.x","volume":"43","author":"JS Moser","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moser JS, Hajcak G, Bukay E, Simons RF. Intentional modulation of emotional responding to unpleasant pictures: an ERP study. Psychophysiology. 2006;43(3):292\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2006.00402.x.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9","volume":"25","author":"MM Bradley","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bradley MM, Lang PJ. Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1994;25(1):49\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"313_CR83","unstructured":"Lang PJ, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN. International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-8. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida; 2008."},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","volume":"164","author":"E Maris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maris E, Oostenveld R. Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data. J Neurosci Methods. 2007;164(1):177\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"Suppl 16","key":"313_CR85","first-page":"10","volume":"62","author":"HA Sackeim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sackeim HA. The definition and meaning of treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(Suppl 16):10\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"313_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2014.09.002","volume":"103","author":"I Lobo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lobo I, David IA, Figueira I, Campagnoli RR, Volchan E, Pereira MG, et al. Brain reactivity to unpleasant stimuli is associated with severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Biol Psychol. 2014;103:233\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2014.09.002.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"313_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pfaltz MC, Schumacher S, Wilhelm FH, Dammann G, Seifritz E, Martin-Soelch C. Acoustic emotional processing in patients with borderline personality disorder: Hyper- or hyporeactivity. J Pers Disord. 2015;29(6):809\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi_2015_29_176.","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2015_29_176"},{"issue":"10","key":"313_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.10.1550","volume":"156","author":"SC Herpertz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Herpertz SC, Kunert HJ, Schwenger UB, Sass H. Affective responsiveness in borderline personality disorder: A Psychophysiological approach. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(10):1550\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.156.10.1550.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"313_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-023-06578-w","volume":"241","author":"G Zukerman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zukerman G, Pinhas M, Icht M. Hypervigilance or shutdown? Electrophysiological processing of trauma-unrelated aversive stimuli after traumatic life events. Exp Brain Res. 2023;241(4):1185\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-023-06578-w.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"313_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.05.015","volume":"68","author":"H Adenauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Adenauer H, Pin\u00f6sch S, Catani C, Gola H, Keil J, Kissler J, et al. Early processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder-evidence for a cortical vigilance-avoidance reaction. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;68(5):451\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.05.015.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"313_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09081168","volume":"167","author":"RA Lanius","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lanius RA, Vermetten E, Loewenstein RJ, Brand B, Schmahl C, Bremner JD, et al. Emotion modulation in PTSD: clinical and neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(6):640\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09081168.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1999.13.1.1","volume":"13","author":"PS Links","year":"1999","unstructured":"Links PS, Heslegrave R, van Reekum R. Impulsivity: core aspect of borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord. 1999;13(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi.1999.13.1.1.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"313_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.04.113","volume":"242","author":"C Sauer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sauer C, Sheppes G, Lackner HK, Arens EA, Tarrasch R, Barnow S. Emotion regulation choice in female patients with borderline personality disorder: findings from self-reports and experimental measures. Psychiatry Res. 2016;242:375\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.04.113.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"313_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.004","volume":"30","author":"A Aldao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Schweizer S. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(2):217\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.004.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"313_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712002607","volume":"43","author":"AR Daros","year":"2013","unstructured":"Daros AR, Zakzanis KK, Ruocco AC. Facial emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med. 2013;43(9):1953\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291712002607.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"313_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2024.82","volume":"67","author":"H Kerbage","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kerbage H, Purper-Ouakil D. How is trauma a transdiagnostic risk factor? A biopsychosocial model of risk and protective mechanisms following childhood trauma. Eur Psychiatry. 2024;67:S20\u20131.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"313_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nolen-Hoeksema S Emotion regulation and psychopathology: the role of gender. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2012;8(8, 2012):161\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143109.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143109"},{"issue":"4","key":"313_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614536163","volume":"2","author":"J Joormann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Joormann J, Vanderlind WM. Emotion regulation in depression: the role of biased cognition and reduced cognitive control. Clin Psychol Sci. 2014;2(4):402\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702614536163.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"313_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.12.063","volume":"230","author":"NA Short","year":"2018","unstructured":"Short NA, Boffa JW, Clancy K, Schmidt NB. Effects of emotion regulation strategy use in response to stressors on PTSD symptoms: an ecological momentary assessment study. J Affect Disord. 2018;230:77\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2017.12.063.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-017-0059-3","volume":"4","author":"SR Chaudhury","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chaudhury SR, Galfalvy H, Biggs E, Choo T-H, Mann JJ, Stanley B. Affect in response to stressors and coping strategies: an ecological momentary assessment study of borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2017;4(1):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40479-017-0059-3.","journal-title":"Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul"},{"issue":"1","key":"313_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-020-00143-5","volume":"8","author":"J Hepp","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hepp J, Schmitz SE, Urbild J, Zauner K, Niedtfeld I. Childhood maltreatment is associated with distrust and negatively biased emotion processing. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2021;8(1):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40479-020-00143-5.","journal-title":"Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul"}],"container-title":["Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00313-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00313-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00313-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T11:14:42Z","timestamp":1757502882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpded.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00313-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00313-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-6673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-6673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and received ethical approval from the ethics committee of the Department of Psychology at LMU Munich.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"37"}}