{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:30:56Z","timestamp":1772166656966,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":57,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["bord personal disord emot dysregul"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-025-00329-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T03:57:01Z","timestamp":1765339021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A comparison of borderline personality features and level of personality functioning in explaining mentalizing capacity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Charlotte S.","family":"Zell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kennedy M.","family":"Balzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Boudreaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Penner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143131","volume":"8","author":"AE Skodol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Skodol AE. Personality disorders in DSM-5. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2012;8(1):317\u201344.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.62.2.71","volume":"62","author":"TA Widiger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Widiger TA, Trull TJ. Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder: shifting to a dimensional model. Am Psychol. 2007;62(2):71\u201383.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"329_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"329_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharp C, Clark L, Blazen K, Widiger T, Stepp S, Zimmerman M, et al. The validity, reliability and clinical utility of the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorder (AMPD) according to DSM-5 revision criteria. World Psychiatry. Forthcoming 2025.","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21339"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR5","first-page":"275","volume":"15","author":"C Sharp","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharp C, Miller JD. Head-to-head comparisons of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Disorders, fifth edition, section II and section III personality disorder in predicting clinical outcomes. Pers Disord Theory Res Treat. 2024;15(5):275\u201381.","journal-title":"Pers Disord Theory Res Treat"},{"key":"329_CR6","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Guide to submitting proposals for changes to DSM-5. 2021."},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR7","first-page":"322","volume":"15","author":"RM Bagby","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bagby RM, Lau SCL, Watters CA, Quilty LC, Sellbom M. A comparison of the associations of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Disorders, fifth edition, section II personality disorders and section III personality domains with clinical dysfunction in a psychiatric patient sample. Pers Disord Theory Res Treat. 2024;15(5):322\u201331.","journal-title":"Pers Disord Theory Res Treat"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR8","first-page":"282","volume":"15","author":"A Somma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Somma A, Gialdi G, Krueger RF, Markon KE, Fossati A. Predicting nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal risk: A comparison between the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Disorders, section II personality disorder and alternative model of personality disorders dimensions. Pers Disord Theory Res Treat. 2024;15(5):282\u201392.","journal-title":"Pers Disord Theory Res Treat"},{"key":"329_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark LA, Ro E, Vittengl JR, Jarrett RB. Longitudinal prediction of psychosocial functioning outcomes: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Section-II personality disorders versus alternative model personality dysfunction and traits. Pers Disord Theory Res Treat. 2024;15(5):341\u201351.","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000673"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR10","first-page":"293","volume":"15","author":"CJ Hessels","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hessels CJ, de Moor EL, Deutz MHF, Laceulle OM, Van Aken MAG. Personality pathology in youth: A comparison of the categorical and alternative model in relation to internalizing and externalizing pathology and age-adequate psychosocial functioning. Pers Disord Theory Res Treat. 2024;15(5):293\u2013303.","journal-title":"Pers Disord Theory Res Treat"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR11","first-page":"371","volume":"15","author":"WR Ringwald","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ringwald WR, Woods WC, Wright AGC. Comparing the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Disorders, fifth edition, personality disorder models scored from the same interview. Pers Disord Theory Res Treat. 2024;15(5):371\u20138.","journal-title":"Pers Disord Theory Res Treat"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR12","first-page":"361","volume":"15","author":"WR Calabrese","year":"2024","unstructured":"Calabrese WR, Emery LT, Evans CM, Simms LJ. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Disorders, personality disorders and the alternative model: prediction of naturalistically observed behavior, interpersonal functioning, and psychiatric symptoms, 1 year later. Pers Disord Theory Res Treat. 2024;15(5):361\u201370.","journal-title":"Pers Disord Theory Res Treat"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR13","first-page":"352","volume":"15","author":"A Hines","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hines A, Kushner ML, Stumpp N, Semcho S, Bridges E, Croom H, et al. Different routes to the same destination? Comparing diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Disorders, fifth edition section II- and alternative model of personality disorder-defined borderline personality disorder. Pers Disord Theory Res Treat. 2024;15(5):352\u201360.","journal-title":"Pers Disord Theory Res Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70000","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.70000","volume":"19","author":"K Boone","year":"2025","unstructured":"Boone K, Babinski D, Kujawa A, Pegg S, Sharp C. The incremental validity of level of personality functioning over borderline personality features in associations with early adolescent social reward processing. Personal Ment Health. 2025;19(1):e70000.","journal-title":"Personal Ment Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"329_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1159\/000365106","volume":"47","author":"SC Herpertz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herpertz SC, Jeung H, Mancke F, Bertsch K. Social dysfunctioning and brain in borderline personality disorder. Psychopathology. 2014;47(6):417\u201324.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"329_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780198527664.001.0001","volume-title":"Psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: Mentalization-based treatment","author":"A Bateman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bateman A, Fonagy P. Psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: Mentalization-based treatment. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2004."},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR17","first-page":"639","volume":"72","author":"P Fonagy","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fonagy P. Thinking about thinking: some clinical and theoretical considerations in the treatment of a borderline patient. Int J Psychoanal. 1991;72(4):639\u201356.","journal-title":"Int J Psychoanal"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/07351692309349042","volume":"23","author":"P Fonagy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fonagy P, Target M, Gergely G, Allen JG, Bateman AW. The developmental roots of borderline personality disorder in early attachment relationships: A theory and some evidence. Psychoanal Inq. 2003;23(3):412\u201359.","journal-title":"Psychoanal Inq"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2008.22.1.4","volume":"22","author":"P Fonagy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fonagy P, Bateman A. The development of borderline personality disorder\u2014A mentalizing model. J Pers Disord. 2008;22(1):4\u201321.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"329_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.10.004","volume":"64","author":"R Petersen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Petersen R, Brakoulias V, Langdon R. An experimental investigation of mentalization ability in borderline personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2016;64:12\u201321.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/15289168.2015.1004890","volume":"14","author":"C Sharp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharp C, Vanwoerden S. Hypermentalizing in borderline personality disorder: A model and data. J Infant Child Adolesc Psychother. 2015;14(1):33\u201345.","journal-title":"J Infant Child Adolesc Psychother"},{"key":"329_CR22","unstructured":"Fonagy P, Gergely G, Jurist EL, Target M. Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. Other; 2002."},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2011.583808","volume":"93","author":"DS Bender","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bender DS, Morey LC, Skodol AE. Toward a model for assessing level of personality functioning in DSM\u20135, part I: A review of theory and methods. J Pers Assess. 2011;93(4):332\u201346.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081219-105402","volume":"17","author":"C Sharp","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharp C, Wall K. DSM-5 level of personality functioning: refocusing personality disorder on what it means to be human. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2021;17(1):313\u201337.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"S Borroni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borroni S, Ruotolo G, Geminiani C, Masci E, Fossati A. DSM-5 personality dysfunction in a mentalization perspective: the interplay among personality dysfunction, emotion dysregulation and mentalization ability in a sample of Italian community dwelling-adults. Mediterr J Clin Psychol. 2024;12(1):1\u201337.","journal-title":"Mediterr J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR26","first-page":"191","volume":"11","author":"M Zettl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zettl M, Volkert J, V\u00f6gele C, Herpertz SC, Kubera KM, Taubner S. Mentalization and criterion a of the alternative model for personality disorders: results from a clinical and nonclinical sample. Pers Disord Theory Res Treat. 2020;11(3):191\u2013201.","journal-title":"Pers Disord Theory Res Treat"},{"issue":"15","key":"329_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721003718","volume":"51","author":"E Bora","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bora E. A meta-analysis of theory of Mind and \u2018mentalization\u2019 in borderline personality disorder: A true neuro-social-cognitive or meta-social-cognitive impairment? Psychol Med. 2021;51(15):2541\u201351.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.20210018","volume":"75","author":"V McLaren","year":"2022","unstructured":"McLaren V, Gallagher M, Hopwood CJ, Sharp C. Hypermentalizing and borderline personality disorder: a meta-analytic review. Am J Psychother. 2022;75(1):21\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Psychother"},{"key":"329_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bateman A, Fonagy P. Mentalizing and borderline personality disorder. Handbook of mentalization-based treatment. 2006. p. 183\u2013200.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712986.ch9"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000033","volume":"124","author":"C Sharp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharp C, Wright AGC, Fowler JC, Frueh BC, Allen JG, Oldham J, et al. The structure of personality pathology: both general (\u2018g\u2019) and specific (\u2018s\u2019). factors? J Abnorm Psychol. 2015;124(2):387\u201398.","journal-title":"factors? J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"329_CR31","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Personality disorders: Assessment, diagnosis, and research","author":"AGC Wright","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wright AGC, Zimmermann J. At the nexus of science and practice: answering basic clinical questions in personality disorder assessment and diagnosis with quantitative modeling techniques. In: Huprich S, editor. Personality disorders: Assessment, diagnosis, and research. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association; 2015. pp. 109\u201344."},{"issue":"7","key":"329_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0158678","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158678","volume":"11","author":"P Fonagy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fonagy P, Luyten P, Moulton-Perkins A, Lee Y-W, Warren F, Howard S, et al. Development and validation of a self-report measure of mentalizing: the reflective functioning questionnaire. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(7):e0158678.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2017.1310730","volume":"100","author":"A Dimitrijevi\u0107","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dimitrijevi\u0107 A, Hanak N, Altaras Dimitrijevi\u0107 A, Joli\u0107 Marjanovi\u0107 Z. The mentalization scale (MentS): A self-report measure for the assessment of mentalizing capacity. J Pers Assess. 2018;100(3):268\u201380.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"329_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-011-9594-3","volume":"40","author":"SD Stepp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stepp SD. Development of borderline personality disorder in adolescence and young adulthood: introduction to the special section. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2012;40:1\u20135.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.2011.110221","volume":"105","author":"S-J Blakemore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blakemore S-J. Development of the social brain in adolescence. J R Soc Med. 2012;105(3):111\u20136.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"329_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000620","volume":"31","author":"CE Sleep","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sleep CE, Lynam DR, Widiger TA, Crowe ML, Miller JD. An evaluation of DSM\u20135 section III personality disorder criterion A (impairment) in accounting for psychopathology. Psychol Assess. 2019;31(10):1181\u201391.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2012_26_093","volume":"28","author":"RL Tomko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tomko RL, Trull TJ, Wood PK, Sher KJ. Characteristics of borderline personality disorder in a community sample: comorbidity, treatment utilization, and general functioning. J Pers Disord. 2014;28(5):734\u201350.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"329_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.11.023","volume":"191","author":"E Bora","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bora E, Berk M. Theory of Mind in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;191:49\u201355.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"329_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12195","volume":"22","author":"MB Murri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murri MB, Ferrigno G, Penati S, Muzio C, Piccinini G, Innamorati M, et al. Mentalization and depressive symptoms in a clinical sample of adolescents and young adults. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2016;22:69\u201376.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Ment Health"},{"key":"329_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2022.102641","volume":"92","author":"M Sloover","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sloover M, van Est LA, Janssen PG, Hilbink M, van Ee E. A meta-analysis of mentalizing in anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and trauma and stressor related disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 2022;92:102641.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"329_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.11.006","volume":"64","author":"P Fonagy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fonagy P, Bateman A. Adversity, attachment, and mentalizing. Compr Psychiatry. 2016;64:59\u201366.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1434","volume":"13","author":"LC Weekers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weekers LC, Hutsebaut J, Kamphuis JH. The level of personality functioning scale-brief form 2.0: update of a brief instrument for assessing level of personality functioning: the level of personality functioning scale - brief form 2.0. Pers Ment Health. 2019;13(1):3\u201314.","journal-title":"Pers Ment Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2018_32_393","volume":"34","author":"B Bach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bach B, Anderson JL. Patient-reported ICD-11 personality disorder severity and DSM-5 level of personality functioning. J Pers Disord. 2020;34(2):231\u201349.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"329_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2018.1428984","volume":"100","author":"B Bach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bach B, Hutsebaut J. Level of personality functioning Scale\u2013Brief form 2.0: utility in capturing personality problems in psychiatric outpatients and incarcerated addicts. J Pers Assess. 2018;100(6):660\u201370.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2025.39.3.185","volume":"39","author":"T Ran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ran T, Balzen KM, Kerr S, Hutsebaut J, Sharp C. Level of personality functioning Scale-Brief form 2.0: factor structure and clinical cutoffs. J Pers Disord. 2025;39(3):185\u2013205.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"329_CR46","volume-title":"The personality assessment inventory professional manual","author":"LC Morey","year":"1991","unstructured":"Morey LC. The personality assessment inventory professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1991."},{"issue":"6","key":"329_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2012.681817","volume":"94","author":"J Slavin-Mulford","year":"2012","unstructured":"Slavin-Mulford J, Sinclair SJ, Stein M, Malone J, Bello I, Blais MA. External validity of the personality assessment inventory (PAI) in a clinical sample. J Pers Assess. 2012;94(6):593\u2013600.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890709336838","volume":"88","author":"MB Stein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stein MB, Pinsker-Aspen JH, Hilsenroth MJ. Borderline pathology and the personality assessment inventory (PAI): an evaluation of criterion and concurrent validity. J Pers Assess. 2007;88(1):81\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","volume":"1","author":"LS Radloff","year":"1977","unstructured":"Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1(3):385\u2013401.","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(96)00107-6","volume":"35","author":"RG Knight","year":"1997","unstructured":"Knight RG, Williams S, McGee R, Olaman S. Psychometric properties of the centre for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D) in a sample of women in middle life. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35(4):373\u201380.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respe.2011.03.061","volume":"59","author":"AJ Morin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morin AJ, Moullec G, Maiano C, Layet L, Just JL, Ninot G. Psychometric properties of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D) in French clinical and nonclinical adults. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2011;59(5):327\u201340.","journal-title":"Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique"},{"issue":"10","key":"329_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, L\u00f6we B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"329_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01713","volume":"10","author":"SU Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson SU, Ulvenes PG, \u00d8ktedalen T, Hoffart A. Psychometric properties of the general anxiety disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale in a heterogeneous psychiatric sample. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1713.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"329_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2021.1981346","volume":"104","author":"S M\u00fcller","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00fcller S, Wendt LP, Spitzer C, Masuhr O, Back SN, Zimmermann J. A critical evaluation of the reflective functioning questionnaire (RFQ). J Pers Assess. 2022;104(5):613\u201327.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"329_CR55","first-page":"124","volume":"71","author":"C Spitzer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spitzer C, Zimmermann J, Br\u00e4hler E, Euler S, Wendt LP, Muller S. [The German version of the reflective functioning questionnaire (RFQ): A psychometric evaluation in the general population]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2021;71(3\u20134):124\u201331.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"329_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2021.2014505","volume":"104","author":"M Wo\u017aniak-Prus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniak-Prus M, Gambin M, Cudo A, Sharp C. Investigation of the factor structure of the reflective functioning questionnaire (RFQ-8): one or two dimensions? J Pers Assess. 2022;104(6):736\u201346.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"29","key":"329_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-06071-9","volume":"43","author":"M Cosenza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cosenza M, Pizzini B, Sacco M, D\u2019Olimpio F, Troncone A, Ciccarelli M, et al. Italian validation of the mentalization scale (MentS). Curr Psychol. 2024;43(29):24205\u201315.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"329_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608214","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.608214","volume":"12","author":"F Richter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Richter F, Steinmair D, L\u00f6ffler-Stastka H. Construct validity of the mentalization scale (MentS) within a mixed psychiatric sample. Front Psychol. 2021;12:608214.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"329_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1159\/000507588","volume":"53","author":"C Sharp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharp C. Adolescent personality pathology and the alternative model for personality disorders: self development as nexus. Psychopathology. 2020;53(3\u20134):198\u2013204.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"329_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.12.004","volume":"44","author":"M Mikolajczak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mikolajczak M, Nelis D, Hansenne M, Quoidbach J. If you can regulate sadness, you can probably regulate shame: associations between trait emotional intelligence, emotion regulation and coping efficiency across discrete emotions. Pers Individ Dif. 2008;44(6):1356\u201368.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00255.x","volume":"9","author":"A Bateman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bateman A, Fonagy P. Mentalization based treatment for borderline personality disorder. World Psychiatry. 2010;9(1):11.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"329_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1012-5","volume":"21","author":"J Volkert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Volkert J, Hauschild S, Taubner S. Mentalization-based treatment for personality disorders: efficacy, effectiveness, and new developments. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"329_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.12.004","volume":"21","author":"LA Clark","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clark LA, Nuzum H, Ro E. Manifestations of personality impairment severity: Comorbidity, course\/prognosis, psychosocial dysfunction, and \u2018\u2018borderline\u2019 personality features. Curr Opin Psychol. 2018;21:117\u201321.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"329_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000165","volume":"125","author":"AGC Wright","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wright AGC, Hopwood CJ, Skodol AE, Morey LC. Longitudinal validation of general and specific structural features of personality pathology. J Abnorm Psycho. 2016;125(8):1120\u201334.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psycho"}],"container-title":["Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00329-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00329-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00329-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T10:02:54Z","timestamp":1770285774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00329-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40479-025-00329-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7076951\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2051-6673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-6673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the University of Houston Institutional Review Board.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3"}}